专业英语八级-阅读理解(二十七)及答案解析.doc
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1、专业英语八级-阅读理解(二十七)及答案解析 (总分:100.00,做题时间:90分钟)一、BREADING COMPREH(总题数:0,分数:0.00)二、BTEXT A/B(总题数:1,分数:25.00)Dr.Rablen and Dr.Oswald have just published a study which concludes that Nobel science laureates live significantly longer than those of their colleagues who were nominated for a prize, but failed
2、to receive one. They work with data from 1901 to 1950, and the search is restricted to men (to avoid differences in life span between the sexes), and those killed prematurely are eliminated. That gave them 135 prize winners and 389 also-rans.The theory they were testing was that status itself, rathe
3、r than the trappings of status, such as wealth, act to prolong life. This idea was first declared by Sir Michael Marmot, of University College, London. Sir Michael studied the health of British civil servants and discovered, contrary to his and everyone elses expectations, that those at the top of t
4、he hierarchy whom the stress of the job was expected to have affected adversely were actually far healthier than the supposedly unstressed functionaries at the bottom of the heap. Subsequent research has confirmed this result, and suggested it is nothing to do with the larger salaries of those at th
5、e top. But Dr.Rablen and Dr.Oswald thought it would be interesting to reline the observation still further, by studying individuals who were all, in a sense, at the top. By comparing people good enough to be considered for a Nobel, they could measure what the status of having one was worth.Comparing
6、 winners and also-rans from within the same countries, to avoid yet another source of bias, Dr.Rablen and Dr.Oswald found that the winners lived, on average, two years longer than those who had merely been nominated. Exactly what causes this increased longevity is unclear. It is not the cash, though
7、. The inflation-adjusted value of the prize has fluctuated over the years, so the two researchers were able to see if the purchasing power of the money was correlated with longevity. It was not.With the hierarchically ordered individuals studied by Sir Michael and his successors, both medical record
8、s and experiments on animals suggest stress hormones are involved. It is, indeed, more stressful to be at the bottom than the top, even if being at the top involves making decisions on the fate of nations. The result Dr.Rablen and Dr.Oswald have come up with, though, suggests a positive effect assoc
9、iated with high status, rather than the absence of a negative effect, since unsuccessful nominees never know that they have been nominated.A similar effect has been noted once before, in a different held. Research published a few years ago by Donald Redelmeier and Sheldon Singh showed that Oscar win
10、ning actors and actresses live 3.6 years longer than those who are nominated, but do not win. However, in that case the failed nominees do know that they have failed. And, curiously, Oscar winning scriptwriters live 3.6 years less than do nominees. Perhaps writers, unlike actors and scientists, live
11、 in a world of inverted snobbery.(分数:25.00)(1).What has been done to avoid sources of bias in Dr.Rablen and Dr.Oswalds study? A. Excluding the abnormal deaths. B. Selecting more prize nominees than winners. C. Having all subjects from the same country. D. Assuming inflation as an irrelevant factor.(
12、分数:5.00)A.B.C.D.(2).Whats the difference between the two doctors study and that of Sir Michaels? A. They demonstrate opposite findings. B. They have different theoretical foundations. C. They use different methods of selecting subjects. D. They have different degrees of influence.(分数:5.00)A.B.C.D.(3
13、).What is the two doctors possible explanation for their findings? A. People at the top dont need to worry about money. B. People who suffer greater stress pay more attention to health. C. It is in fact less stressful to be at the top than the bottom. D. High status has a positive effect on people.(
14、分数:5.00)A.B.C.D.(4).According to the passage, Redelmeier and Singhs study A. has been refined further by the two doctors. B. has disproved the conclusions of the two doctors. C. considered both positive and negative factors. D. considered the positive effects of several factors.(分数:5.00)A.B.C.D.(5).
15、We can conclude from the passage that A. health is better than wealth. B. great hopes make great man. C. prizes affect peoples life expectancy. D. success in career brings health benefit.(分数:5.00)A.B.C.D.三、BTEXT B/B(总题数:1,分数:25.00)Whats the difference between God and Larry Ellison? asks an old softw
16、are industry joke. Answer: God doesnt think hes Larry Ellison. The boss of Oracle is hardly alone among corporate chiefs in having a reputation liar being rather keen on himself. Indeed, until the bubble burst and the public turned nasty at the start of the decade, the cult of the celebrity chief ex
17、ecutive seemed to demand bossily narcissism, as evidence that a firm was being led by an all-conquering hero.Narcissus met a nasty end, of course. And in recent years, boss-worship has come to be seen as bad for business. In his management bestseller, Good to Great, Jim Collins argued that the truly
18、 successful bosses were not the sell-proclaimed stars who adorn the covers of Forbes and Fortune, but instead self-effacing, thoughtful, monkish sorts who lead by inspiring example.A statistical answer may be at hand. For the first time. a new study, Its All About Me, to be presented next week at th
19、e annual gathering of the American Academy of Management, offers a systematic, empirical analysis of what effect narcissistic bosses have on the firms they run. The authors, Artijit Chatterjee and Donald Hambrick, of Pennsylvania State University, examined narcissism in the upper levels of 105 firms
20、 in the computer and software industries.To do this, they had to solve a practical problem: studies of narcissism have hitherto relied on surveying individuals personally, something for which few chief executives are likely to have time or inclination. So the authors devised an index of narcissism u
21、sing six publicly available indicators obtainable without the co-operation of the boss. These are: the prominence of the bosss photo in the annual report; his prominence in company press releases: the length of his Whos Who entry: the frequency of his use of the first person singular in interviews;
22、and the ratios of his cash and non-cash compensation to those of the firms second-highest paid executive.Narcissism naturally drives people to seek positions of power and influence, and because great self-esteem helps your professional advance, say the authors, chief executives will tend on average
23、to be more narcissistic than the general population. How does that affect a firm? Messrs Chatterjee and Hambrick found that highly narcissistic bosses tended to make bigger changes in the use of important resources, such as research and development, or in spending and leverage; they carried out more
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