专业八级分类模拟411及答案解析.doc

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1、专业八级分类模拟411及答案解析 (总分：160.10，做题时间：90分钟)一、PART READING COMPR(总题数：1，分数：100.00)Section A In this section there are several passages followed by fourteen multiple-choice questions. For each multiple-choice question, there are four suggested answers marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that you think is t

2、he best answer and mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET TWO. Passage One Driving along South Street, where the Los Angeles sprawl meets sprawling Orange County, you enter and leave Cerritos three times. Although the city is confusingly shaped, it is easy to tell where it begins. Overhead power cables a

3、bruptly disappear and run underground. The grass, watered by innumerable sprinklers, is a brighter shade of green. Indeed, a blind man could tell where the boundary lies. Crossing into Artesia there is a bump, followed by a series of clumsily patched potholes; a few hundred yards later you re-enter

4、Cerritos and the road is smooth again. Cerritos cannot boast a glorious history, old money or natural beauty. Fifty years ago it was a flat area of farmland known as Dairy Valley. These days, its a terribly unremarkable place on the way to Disneyland, says Tom Irish, a property developer. Yet this s

5、mall suburban city of some 55,000 people has become remarkable thanks to superb management and geographical good fortune. It reveals much about why Americas suburbs are so appealing, and how they are changing. Like an increasing number of suburbs, Cerritos is both a bedroom community and an economic

6、 engine. It began to prosper in the early 1970s when it encouraged car dealers to cluster near the motorway that clips its western edge. Fully 27 outfits now trade there, making it the largest such centre in a car-obsessed state. Cerritos also has a shopping mall and a town center, otherwise known a

7、s an office park. As a result, it has far more jobs than working residents. Last year the city collected $ 483 in sales taxes per personmore than the glitzy city of Santa Monica. And it has leased, not sold, its land, so a future stream of money is guaranteed. What goes on inside the offices seems l

8、ess important to locals than what they look like. The city has municipal codes to rival those of notoriously staid Irvine, a planned city in Orange County: dont even think about installing a rotating, blinking or oscillating sign. Sculptures adorn car dealers forecourts. Cerritoss busy library is co

9、vered with titanium; its Wal-Mart is clad in granite. It has an opulent performing arts centre that will host some 140 impeccably populist acts this year. Building work is underway on the local jail, known for good reason as the sheriffs hotel. Although Cerritos has a contract with Los Angeless coun

10、ty sheriff for its policing, it pays for the building and the officers. They have some of the easiest jobs in California. So far this year 53 serious assaults have been recorded, a bit less than one per cop. The city is so peaceful, says Daryl Evans, the police captain, that gang members from nearby

11、 cities occasionally meet there to play basketball, knowing they will not be attacked by rivals. Of course, many American cities have built parks, performing-arts centres and fancy libraries while struggling financially. The key to Cerritoss success may be the timing of its investments. Cities such

12、as Cleveland and Baltimore poured money into museums and other grand projects in the vain hope that they would lure businesses and young, creative folk. Cerritos began by building pipelines and roads, then moved on to business parks, policing and schools (including Californias best high school). Onl

13、y when it was rolling in money did it break out the titanium. Local officials attribute the citys success to fiscal discipline and the ability to follow a long-term plan. That, in turn, is the result of its political culture. Cerritos has a tradition of powerful, long-serving city managers, to whom

14、local politicians frequently defer. As Laura Lee, the mayor, explains, There are many things we, as elected officials, do not understand. Voters, it seems, like this arrangement greatly. In a 2002 poll, an astonishing 96% of residents said they were satisfied with the provision of public services. S

15、uch single-mindedness is particularly striking given the citys diversity. In 1980 whites comprised more than half of the population. These days Asians do. Striving immigrants are cause and consequence of the citys excellent schools, in Cerritos High School, pupils who speak inadequate English score

16、better in mathematics tests than those who speak English fluently. Yet the newcomers have not formed ghettos. The last census showed that whites and Asians were more intermixed in Cerritos than in all but 16 other American cities. Whites were even more mixed-up with blacks and Hispanics. These days

17、Cerritos faces strong competition. Its car mall has inspired imitators; as a result, the value of sales has flattened while the number of vehicles sold seems to be falling. As the city ages, public services will come under increasing strain. Drastic decline is unlikely, but the city may be overtaken

18、though it is almost certain that the places doing the overtaking will be bland, car-oriented and suburban. (此文选自 The Economist)Passage Two In 1751, Swedish botanist Carolus Linnaeus came up with the novel idea of using flowers as clocks. Morning glories open their trumpet-like petals around 10 a. m.

19、 , water lilies at 11 and so on through evening primroses and moonflowers. A full array of these blossoms, planted in a circle, could indicate the time. It was a whimsical notion. But some 250 years later, scientists are seriously interested in the timekeeping mechanisms of nature. Theyre so ubiquit

20、ous, theyre almost a signature of life, says molecular neuroscientist Russell Foster of Imperil College, London. From cockroaches to humans, Foster explores these internal clocks in a fascinating new book, Rhythm of Life, co-authored with British science writer Leon Kreitzman. The author show how th

21、e daily patterns known as circadian rhythms influence far more than our sleep. Heart attacks are more common in the morning. Women tend to go to labor in the evening. Severe asthma prevail at night. Although we may jet across time zones, circadian rhythms rule. The book traces the century-long quest

22、 to unravel their mechanisms, with some starting outcomesincluding the recent discovery that certain genes switch on and off in 24 hour cycles. Even our responses to medicines may depend on when we take them. Nature has devised internal clocks for a simple reason: they aid survival. The early bird r

23、eally does get the work, thanks to a silent wake-up call before dawn. A mimosa plant spreads its fernlike leaves during the day to create the maximum surface area for photosynthesis, then folds them up at night to reduce water-vapor loss. Its not a mere response to light. They do this even when kept

24、 in the dark, says biologist Eugene Maurakis of the Science Museum of Virginia. In humans, the master clock is a tiny clump of cells in the brain called the suprachiasmatic nuclei. The clocks is reset daily by signals from a novel type of photoreceptor in the eye that Foster discovered. The blind re

25、ly on it, too, provided their eyes havent been removed, he says. The result is an orchestrated series of biological events that unfolds in sequence. In the hours before breakfast, the body releases digestive enzymes gradually to be ready for the first meal. Temperature and blood pressure rise in pre

26、paration for the days demands. This helps explain the morning increase in the heart attacks. Cells reproduce at set times. Hormones rise and fallmany of them according to a predetermined schedule. The implications for medicine are profound. By timing treatments to complement daily changes in biochem

27、istry, the authors argues, we can boost efficacy and reduce side effects. In one seminal trial, medical oncologist William Hrushesky of the Dorn V. A. Medical Center in Columbia, S. C. , found that by simply reversing the times when he administered two chemotherapeutic drugs, he could extend surviva

28、l in women with advanced ovarian cancer from 11 percent at five years to 44 Chronobiology International, more than a dozen ailments can currently benefit from carefully timed treatments. In one recent study, he notes, something as simple as low-dose aspirin at bedtime reduced the rate of preterm del

29、iver in pregnant women at risk for hypertension from 14 percent to zero. Aspirin in the morning had little effect. Surprised? Not to Foster and Kreitzman. As they show, timing is everything. (此文选自 The Urban Gardener)Passage Three Most men live in harness. Richard was one of them. Typically he had no

30、 awareness of how his male harness was choking him until his personal and professional life and his body had nearly fallen apart. He had to get sick in his harness and nearly be destroyed by role-playing masculinity before he could allow himself to be a person with his own feelings, rather than just

31、 a hollow male image. Had it not been for a bleeding ulcer he might have postponed looking at himself for many years more. Like many men, Richard had been a zombie, a daytime sleep-walker. Worse still, he had been a highly successful zombie, which made it so difficult for him to risk change. Our cul

32、ture is saturated with successful male zombies, businessmen zombies, golf zombies, sports car zombies, playboy zombies, etc. They have lost touch with, or are running away from, their feelings and awareness of themselves as people. They have confused their social masks for their essence and they are

33、 destroying themselves while fulfilling the traditional definitions of masculine-appropriate behavior. They are the heroes, the providers, the warriors, the empire builders, the fearless ones. Their reality is always approached through these veils of gender expectations. Men evaluate each other and

34、are evaluated by many women largely by the degree to which they approximate the ideal masculine model. Women have rightfully lashed out against being placed into a mold. Many women have described their roles in marriage as a form of socially approved prostitution. They assert that they are selling t

35、hemselves out for an unfulfilling portion of supposed security. For psychologically defensive reasons the male has not yet come to see himself as a prostitute, day in and day out, both in and out of the marriage relationship. The males inherent survival instincts have been stunted by the seemingly m

36、ore powerful drive to maintain his masculine image. He would, for example, rather die in the battle than risk living in a different way and being called a coward or not a man As a recently published study concluded, A surprising number of men approaching senior citizenship say they would rather die

37、than be buried in retirement. The male in our culture is at a growth impasse. He wont movenot because he is protecting his cherished central place in the sun, but because he cant move. He is a cardboard Goliath precariously balanced and on the verge of toppling over if he is pushed ever so slightly

38、out of his well-worn path. He lacks the fluidity of the female who can readily move between the traditional definitions of male or female behavior and roles. She can be wife and mother or a business executive. She can dress in typically feminine fashion or adopt the male styles. She will be loved fo

39、r having feminine interests such as needlework or cooking, or she will be admired for sharing with the male in his masculine interests. She can be sexually assertive or sexually passive. Meanwhile, the male is rigidly caught in his masculine pose and, in many subtle and indirect ways, he is severely

40、 punished when he steps out of it. Unlike some of the problems of women, the problems of men are not readily changed through legislation. The male has no apparent and clearly defined targets against which he can vent his rage. Yet he is oppressed by the cultural pressures that have denied him his fe

41、elings, by the mythology of the woman and the distorted and self-destructive way he sees and relates to her, and by the urgency for him to act like a man which blocks his ability to respond to his inner promptings both emotionally and physiologically, and by a generalized self-hate that causes him t

42、o feel comfortable only when he is functioning well in harness. Precisely because the tenor and mood of the male liberation efforts so far have been one of self-accusation, self-hate, and a repetition of feminist assertions, I believe it is doomed to failure in its present form. It is buying the myt

43、h that the male is culturally favoreda notion that is clung to despite the fact that every critical statistic in the areas of longevity, disease, suicide, crime, accidents, childhood emotional disorders, alcoholism, and drug addiction shows a disproportionately higher male rate. The most remarkable

44、and significant aspect of the feminist movement to date has been womans daring willingness to own up to her resistances and resentment toward her time-honored, sanctified roles of wife and even mother. The male, however, has yet to fully realize, acknowledge, and rebel against the distress and stifl

45、ing aspects of many of the roles he playsfrom good husband, to good daddy, to good provider, to good lover, etc. Because of the inner pressure to constantly affirm his dominance and masculinity, he continues to act as if he can stand up under, fulfill, and even enjoy all the expectations placed on h

46、im no matter how contradictory and devitalizing they are. Its time to remove the disguises of privilege and reveal the male condition for what it really is. (此文选自 The Hazards of Being Male)Passage Four Working a typewriter by touch, like riding a bicycle or strolling on a path, is best done by not g

47、iving it a glancing thought. Once you do, your fingers fumble and hit the wrong keys. To do things involving practiced skills, you need to turn loose the systems of muscles and nerves responsible for each maneuver, place them on their own, and stay out of it. There is no real loss of authority in th

48、is, since you get to decide whether to do the thing or not, and you can intervene and embellish the technique any time you like; if you want to ride a bicycle backward, or walk with an eccentric loping gait giving a little skip every fourth step, whistling at the same time, you can do that. But if y

49、ou concentrate your attention on the details, keeping in touch with each muscle, thrusting yourself into a free fall with each step and catching yourself at the last moment by sticking out the other foot in time to break the fall, you will end up immobilized, vibrating with fatigue. It is a blessing to have options for choice and change in the learning of such unconsciously coordinated acts. If we were born with all these knacks inbuilt, automated like ant