专业八级分类模拟189及答案解析.doc

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1、专业八级分类模拟 189 及答案解析(总分：100.10，做题时间：90 分钟)一、READING COMPREHENSIO(总题数：1，分数：100.00)Section A Multiple-Choice Questions In this section there are several passages by fourteen multiple choice questions. For each multiple choice qutestion, there are four suggested answers marked A. B, C and D. Choose the o

2、ne that you think is the best answer and mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET TWO. PASSAGE ONE Make That a DoubleA few years ago, it dawned on Zach Thomas that coffee didn“t have enough caffeine. At the time, he was pulling all-nighters as a student at the United States Military Academy at West Point.

3、By the time he became an instructor at the U.S. Army Ranger School in Fort Benning, Ga., he lived by a common saying at his school: “Sleep is a crutch.“ “I used to just drink a pot of coffee, but then you have to go to the bathroom 100 times during the day. If you could just get more caffeine in one

4、 cup, then that would be the best of both worlds,“ he says. In 2005 Thomas, now 30, founded Ranger Coffee, with a “hypercaffeinated“ blend that contains double the caffeine of regular coffee, or about 300 milligrams per 12-ounce serving-the equivalent of six Diet Cokes. The small, Rockmart, Ga.-base

5、d company sells 1,700 bags of coffee a year, nearly half of them to troops stationed in Iraq. These days you don“t have to be a war hero to be a caffeine addict. Everywhere you look, people are wired on caffeine or touting its benefitsor both. Tabloids run images of celebrities sipping Red Bull or t

6、oting Starbucks venti lattes; Dunkin“ Donuts ads feature a coffee-swilling Rachael Ray, who moves so fast that she leaves tread marks on the floor. There“s no shortage of ways to get your caffeine fix. Sales of energy drinks like Red Bull and Full Throttle have grown tenfold since 2001, and new ones

7、 enter the market weekly. Products that already have caffeine are adding morein the past few months Diet Pepsi, Jolt and Mountain Dew have all rolled out extra-caffeinated versions. Novelty items, like caffeinated lip balm, caffeinated sunflower seeds, caffeinated beer and even caffeinated soap (“Ti

8、red of waking up and having to wait for your morning java to brew?“) are also popping up in retail stores and nightclubs. In a spoof on this caffeine arms race, the site E launched a “death by caffeine calculator“ that shows a 180-pound adult would have to down 44 tall cups of Starbucks coffee befor

9、e checking in to the big java house in the sky. Why do we needor wantso much energy? Conventional wisdom says it“s because we“re sleeping less and working more. But government figures show that adults have averaged eight hours of sleep per night since the 1960s. Working hours, at least for men, have

10、 also remained constant: men with children have averaged about 43 hours of paid work per week for the past half century. Of course, that doesn“t mean we don“t feel more stressed. University of Maryland sociologist Suzanne Bianchi says working mothers“ entry into the labor force means there“s less do

11、wntime for families as a whole, with errands, housework and outings packed into a tight two-day weekend. As for the young and unattached, they may be getting plenty of sleep, but at irregular hours. They have more options than ever for 24/7 entertainment, from TV to the Internet to video-games. In f

12、act, many of the novelty caffeine products are aimed at computer games who stage weekend-long “LAN parties“ where no one sleeps. But for the general public, the trend is more about getting a legal high. “Caffeine is the world“s most popular mood-altering drug,“ says David Schardt, senior nutritionis

13、t at the Center for science in the Public Interest. And companies have been banking on its addictive properties to bring repeat business. Caffeine can lift your mood, improve concentration, boost physical stamina and, as an active ingredient in Excedrin, help cure headaches. More than 50 percent of

14、caffeine drinkers experience withdrawal symptoms when they stop. By most accounts, though, the stimulant is fairly safe. “There“s nothing inherently wrong with being dependent on caffeine,“ says Roland Griffiths, a neuro-scientist at the Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, as long as you do

15、n“t overdose. For those accustomed to caffeine, a moderate intake is 200 to 300 milligrams per daythe equivalent of two to three cups of brewed coffee, one Starbucks tall coffee or 3.5 Red Bulls. Exceed 500 to 600 milligrams, and anxiety, nausea and heart palpitations can set in. Griffiths does worr

16、y about teenagers, who are drinking more caffeinated beverages: “I“m concerned that impressionable adolescents are exposed to marketing messages that promote caffeine as a performance enhancer will later turn to stronger drugs, like steroids or Ritalin or cocaine.“ More worrisome still is the glamor

17、ization of the 24/7 caffeine high. Even Rachael Ray occasionally needs her rest. PASSAGE TWO The World Bank“s Real ProblemThe World Bank is undeniably in crisis. But not because its president, Paul Wolfowitz, got his girlfriend a raise. It is the Wolfowitz saga that has been grabbing all the headlin

18、es, of course. The Iraq-war architect was plucked from the Defense Department and deposited by President George W. Bush at the World Bank in 2005 (by tradition, the U.S. President picks the bank“s chief). At the time, Wolfowitz informed the bank“s ethics committee that he was seeing Shaha Riza, a co

19、mmunication adviser at the bank, and the in-house ethicists told him she should be moved to another agency and given a raise for her troubles. But the size of the pay hike (from $133,000 to $180,000, tax free) and other details about Riza“s transfer raised hackles among bank staff and sparked an inv

20、estigation. The bank“s board will decide any day now whether Wolfowitz stays or goes. This dragged-out mess, though, is a distraction. The bigger issue is that the Washington-based bank and its sister organization, the International Monetary Fund (IMF), are struggling to justify their continued exis

21、tence. The situation is most pressing for the smaller IMF, which pays its bills with the profits it makes by lending money to middle-income countries in financial trouble. With hardly any such countries in trouble these days, the organization is projecting a $224 million deficit for this fiscal year

22、 and asking its member nations if they can start selling off some of the gold they deposited with it after World War (the answer so far: no). The World Bank isn“t that desperate, but it faces similar pressure. Both organizations were created in 1944 by the soon-to-be-victorious Allied powers. At the

23、 time, says Harvard professor and former IMF chief economist Kenneth Rogoff, “global financial markets barely existed, and domestic financial markets barely existed in Europe.“ The World Bank“s initial job was to finance reconstruction in Europe. The Marshall Plan rendered that task superfluous, so

24、the bankin the first of several reinventionsmoved on to bankroll development in other countries. The idea was to lend to governments that were creditworthy but had no access to rich-country capital markets. “Now we live in a world where there are huge global capital markets, where, if anything, inve

25、stors are too willing to invest in developing countries,“ says Adam Lerrick, a former investment banker who teaches economics at Carnegie Mellon University. The World Bank“s net lending has plummeted over the past few years, even as it keeps shopping loans to the likes of Brazil, Turkey, Russia and

26、China, sometimes on hugely generous terms. This is the work of the biggest part of the World Bank, the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development. Member countries make deposits (the U.S. share is $2 billion down and $30 billion pledged); the bank sells bonds backed by those deposits and

27、pledges, then lends the money out at a small profit. The other main arm of the World Bank, the International Development Association, gets regular infusions of cash from rich countries and lends funds on near giveaway terms to truly poor countries, mostly in Africa (the U.S. contribution is just und

28、er $1 billion a year, or 0.04% of federal spending). Lerrick wants the World Bank to stop lending to middle-income countries and restructure its loans to the poorest nations as outright grants. Nancy Birdsall, a former World Banker who run a Washington think tank called the Center for Global Develop

29、ment, argues that the bank could have more impact on poverty by making better use of its best assets: the expertise of its staff and its ability to coordinate global action. “Lending and grantmaking at the country level should not be the end-all and be-all,“ she says. “It should be the vehicle for a

30、dvice and constant rebuilding of the bank“s knowledge.“ Birdsall is a World Bank fan but agrees with critics like Lerrick that it must become smaller (it has a staff of 10,000) and less banklike to remain relevant. Wolfowitz“s allies say he is the victim of backlash from entrenched bank staff upset

31、that he is turning up the heat on an anticorruption campaign begun by his predecessor, James Wolfensohn. That“s probably overstating things. But the potential backlash against slashing the bank“s staff and getting it out of lending would surely be epic. Which may explain why no World Bank president,

32、 Wolfowitz included, has attempted it. PASSAGE THREE To Get on the Same PageSami Adwan is the very model of a soft-spoken professor. He measures his words, and listens carefully to what others have said. Yet while pursuing a Ph.D. at the University of San Francisco in the 1980s, Adwan not only refus

33、ed to listen to Jewish students, he says but he dropped out of classes if he knew they included Jews. A Palestinian born in the village of Surif, near Hebron, Adwan had grown up under the shadow of the Israeli occupation, hearing tales from his father and grandfather of how Jews had seized the famil

34、y“s orange groves and wheat fields in 1948. Returning to his homeland with his degree, Adwan joined the then outlawed Fatah Party and was thrown into an Israeli jail in 1993. That was his real education. While awaiting charges, Adwan overheard two Israeli soldiers arguing over whether he should be m

35、ade to sign a document in Hebrew that he couldn“t read. Shocked to hear one of his enemies defending his rights, Adwan decided that he had some things to learn about the Jewish nation. So much of the gulf in understanding that plagues the Middle East has to do with the willful disregard for the othe

36、r“s point of view. Israelis refer to the 1948 conflict that gave birth to their nation as the War of Independence; Palestinians know it as the Nakba, or Catastrophe. What Israelis call “the riots of 1920“when Palestinians attacked Jewish neighborhoods around Jerusalem and Jaffaare termed “the popula

37、r uprisings“ by the other side. Adwan, a lecturer at Bethlehem University, has spent much of his professional career trying to bridge this gap. Together with Dan Bar-On, a social psychologist at Ben Gurion University in southern Israel, he now co-directs the Peace Research Institute in the Middle Ea

38、st (PRIME). Since 2002 the group has produced three booklets to use in Palestinian and Israeli high schools that force each side to confront a contradictory vision of history. Each page is divided into three: the Palestinian and Israeli narratives and a third section left blank for the pupil to fill

39、 in. “The idea is not to legitimize or accept the other“s narrative but to recognize it,“ Adwan says. “The historical dates may be the same, but the interpretation of each side is very different.“ Side by side, the divergent world views are striking. Zionism is described in the Israeli column as “a

40、result of . the continuation of anti-Semitism in Europe, the inspiration of other national movements, and the continual connection of the people of Israel to the land of Israel.“ It bears little resemblance to the “imperialist political movement that bestowed a nationalist characteristic to the Jews

41、“ known to Palestinians. Educators in other conflict-ridden societies are taking notice. Last year the Center for Human Rights and Conflict Resolution at Skopje University in Macedonia published their own parallel Macedonian-Albanian narratives based on PRIME“s model. “If the Israeli and Palestinian

42、 teachers managed to overcome the incredible gap between themselves, we can do it here,“ says Skopje University professor Violeta Petroska-Beska. In France, which suffers from its own tensions between Muslims and non-Muslims, the PRIME booklet “Learning the Other“s Narrative“ has sold more than 23,0

43、00 copies. It“s also been translated into English, Spanish, Italian, Catalan and Basque, and later this year will be produced in German. American educators in Virginia and Philadelphia have expressed interest in introducing the narratives into classes on conflict resolution. Closer to home, however,

44、 the text has had a harder time. “When we established PRIME in 1998, we thought peace was around the comer,“ says Adwan. “Today both Dan and I know it was a wishful thinking.“ Shortly after the beginning of the second Palestinian intifada in 2000, Bar-On and Adwan found themselves stand on different

45、 sides of an Israeli checkpoint near Bethlehem, begging soldiers to let them shift a couple of yards closer to each other so they could discuss the project. In 2004, right-wing Israeli Education Minister Limor Livnat threatened teachers with disciplinary action if they used the booklet. One West Ban

46、k teacher has given lessons in her house for fear of reprisal and another, from a refugee camp near Jerusalem, was threatened by colleagues and parents for teaching what they called “normalization under occupation.“ Asked whether the booklets will ever be a part of the local school curriculum, Adwan

47、 shakes his head slowly, shrugs and looks out his office window. From there he has a fine view of the wall that snakes between Jerusalem and Bethlehem, dividing Israel from the West Bank. PASSAGE FOUR Let“s Not Hide Health CostsWe are awash in health-care proposals. President Bush has one. So does C

48、alifornia Gov. Arnold Schwarzenegger. Democratic Sen. Ron Wyden has a plan, as does a coalition led by Families USA (a liberal advocacy group) and America“s Health Insurance Plans (a Wade group). To some extent, all these plans and others aim to provide insurance to the estimated 47 million American

49、s who lack ita situation widely deplored as a national disgrace. But the real significance of all these proposals, I submit, lies elsewhere. For decades, Americans have treated health care as if it exists in a separate economic and political world: when people need care, they should get it; costs should remain out of sight. About 60 percent of Americans receive insurance through their employers; to most workers, the full costs are unknown. The 65-and-older population and many poor people receive government insurance. Except for modest Medicare premiums and payroll t