专业八级-269及答案解析.doc

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1、专业八级-269 及答案解析(总分：100.05，做题时间：90 分钟)一、LISTENING COMPREHENS(总题数：0，分数：0.00)Evolution of the English Language. LEXICON The vocabulary of English is immense and 1 The sequence of adopting new vocabulary into English Latin wordsNorse words 2 reek and Latin New ideas also created the need for new words 3

2、: borrowed words from Latin for merchant-trading Government: borrowed words from French 4 bring in new words . GRAMMAR The English case system was 5 after Norman Conquest Grammar changes were much 6 than lexicon Invented in 17th century and borrowed Latin rules Standard English: universal rules of g

3、rammar Even Standard English roles do not remain 7 Example: it is now acceptable or necessary to a) end in a(n) 8 b) begin with a coordinating conjunction c) use a(n) 9 between the second to last item in a series . SEMANTICS Dictionaries give meanings and a brief account of the word“s etymology Etym

4、ology helps us understand how the semantics 10 Example: a) “sinister“ used to mean “on the left“, today it means “ 11 “ b) “hot“ and “cool“ now describe temperature or being attractive or 12 . 13 Example of black English Features: a) elimination of “T“ sound and substitution of “w“ sound b) often dr

5、op 14 at the end of words Reason: African-Americans applied 15 rules of phonics to English words （分数：30.00）填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_Will Chinese Replace English?Chinese language has many advantages over European language

6、s and the speaker thinks Chinese is possible to replace English as the global language. . Chinese is 16 Examples: a) A Chinese high-school student can read what“s written 2,000 years ago b) A Ph.D. of native England can hardly read what“s written 17 ago Reasons: a) Chinese language: characters are t

7、rue to their 18 b) European language: words are true to their pronunciations c) Pronunciations change over time but writings remain almost the same . Chinese is more compatible Different kinds of Chinese, after years of changing, are still compatible Example: In speaking, Mandarin and Cantonese are

8、different, but they share the same 19 Different kinds of English are incompatible with each other Example: Americans are hard to understand 20 , etc. False pride of English people about “global language“ . Written Chinese is more informative Chinese characters carry 21 than any other language The en

9、tropy of languages: a) Chinese (9.65 bits) 22 (4.35 bits)English (4.03 bits)Spanish (4.01 bits)French (3.98 bits) b) Chinese uses only 23 pieces of paper to cover the content of a 100-page English novel . Chinese runs faster English students take 24 longer to read and to memorize time table Reading

10、Chinese is faster, because it is suitable for 25 Reading Chinese is 26 faster than reading English . Chinese is more 27 in face of information explosion 28 will be a challenge New words in Chinese are not a problem because a) A Chinese new word contains two or three characters which imply its 29 b)

11、A Chinese person 30 in understanding the words he/she has never seen （分数：30.00）填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_Should You Learn Thai?Here are eight features about Thai language to help students decide whether they want to learn

12、 Thai or not. . Tonal Language Each word in Thai holds a(n) 31 tone Different tones mean different 32 . No Roman Alphabet New alphabet of 28 vowels and 33 consonants . Vowel Placement A vowel can go before, after, 34 a consonant Different placements of vowels mean different 35 . Not Many People Spea

13、k Thai Only around 36 people speak Thai . No Distinction Between 37 Not as 38 as English Not as beautiful as Spanish when writing poetry . No Inflected Verbs or 39 The verb remains the same regardless of a) the person b) the 40 c) the numbers . So Many Pronouns Pronouns will change according to a) 4

14、1 b) 42 c) being a monk or not, etc. . Speak of Themselves by Name It“s impolite to use the word “I“, because it denotes being too 43 Speak of themselves in 44 Refer to somebody by 45 （分数：40.05）填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_专

15、业八级-269 答案解析(总分：100.05，做题时间：90 分钟)一、LISTENING COMPREHENS(总题数：0，分数：0.00)Evolution of the English Language. LEXICON The vocabulary of English is immense and 1 The sequence of adopting new vocabulary into English Latin wordsNorse words 2 reek and Latin New ideas also created the need for new words 3 :

16、borrowed words from Latin for merchant-trading Government: borrowed words from French 4 bring in new words . GRAMMAR The English case system was 5 after Norman Conquest Grammar changes were much 6 than lexicon Invented in 17th century and borrowed Latin rules Standard English: universal rules of gra

17、mmar Even Standard English roles do not remain 7 Example: it is now acceptable or necessary to a) end in a(n) 8 b) begin with a coordinating conjunction c) use a(n) 9 between the second to last item in a series . SEMANTICS Dictionaries give meanings and a brief account of the word“s etymology Etymol

18、ogy helps us understand how the semantics 10 Example: a) “sinister“ used to mean “on the left“, today it means “ 11 “ b) “hot“ and “cool“ now describe temperature or being attractive or 12 . 13 Example of black English Features: a) elimination of “T“ sound and substitution of “w“ sound b) often drop

19、 14 at the end of words Reason: African-Americans applied 15 rules of phonics to English words （分数：30.00）填空项 1:_ （正确答案：(constantly) growing/(constantly)increasing）解析： (constantly) growing/(constantly)increasing 听力原文 Evolution of the English LanguageGood morning, everyone. Today, we are going to talk

20、 about the evolution of the English language. As we all know, there are four major parts to every language system: lexicon, grammar, semantics, and phonology. When linguists study a language they are most concerned with these four systems. And today we shall examine the English language in these fou

21、r aspects. First of all, a language“s lexicon is its vocabulary. This is the system that dictionaries are most concerned with. The lexicon of the English language is immense and constantly growing. To better understand this, it is helpful to consider the history of the English language. English bega

22、n as a Germanic dialect spoken by the Anglo-Saxons. During the Roman Empire, many Latin words were adopted into the English language through Anglo-Saxon dealings with Romans. In CE 877, England was divided in half after the Viking invasions of the Norsemen. Because of this, many Norse words were imp

23、lemented into the English language. The procurement of many French words occurred in a similar manner after the Norman Conquest. The English Renaissance of the 16th and 17th centuries sparked new ideas which created a need for new words; many words were borrowed from Greek and Latin at that time. Ne

24、w ideas have most often created the need for new words. The Anglo-Saxons of the 5th century were new to the concept of merchant-trading, so they borrowed Latin words for the things and concepts that were new to them. The same is true about religion and government. When the Anglo-Saxons were converte

25、d to Christianity, many Latin words were adopted. After the Norman Conquest, a change in the type of government required the implementation of many French words. Today, words like computer, internet, and search engine are common, but fifty years ago they were unheard-of concepts. New ideas, advances

26、 in technology in this example, continue to require additions to the English vocabulary. Dictionaries must be frequently updated in order to remain reliable sources of English“s lexicon. The second system, grammar, also evolved throughout history. A change in grammar and sound structure occurred wit

27、h the introduction of Norse. The English case system was simplified in its dealings with the French after the Norman Conquest. In his essay, “Good English and Bad,“ Bill Bryson states: “One of the undoubted virtues of English is that it is a fluid language in which meanings change and shift in respo

28、nse to the pressures of common usage.“. Grammar, like lexicon, has evolved when necessary, though it has done so at a much slower pace. English grammar was invented in the 17th century and involved placing the roles of Latin onto the English language. Since then, many committees have been establishe

29、d in an effort to regulate English grammar and usage but were consistently unsuccessful. The notion that English should have universal rules of grammar led to the idea of Standard English. Standard English is the dialect of the English language that is spoken by “educated people“ and based entirely

30、on grammar. It is the form of English that is taught to foreign language students. Although it would seem that such rules of grammar would remain consistent, one cannot depend on an outdated grammar book to be a reliable source. In elementary school grammar courses, I was taught that it was grammati

31、cally incorrect to end a sentence with a preposition or begin one with a coordinating conjunction, and it was unnecessary to use a comma between the second to last item in a series and the coordinating conjunction that follows it. Those rules have all changed. Standard English now allows sentences t

32、o end in a preposition or begin with a coordinating conjunction, and the extra comma is necessary. Thirdly, about semantics. To study semantics is to study the meaning of words. Many dictionaries today not only give the current meaning of the word but also include a brief abstract of the word“s etym

33、ology. To understand how semantics evolves, it is helpful to look at the etymology of words in the English language. In Middle English, “sinister“ meant “on the left“; today it means “evil“. In Old English, the word “sly“ meant “to strike or slay“; today it means something “clever, mischievous, or s

34、neaky“. More recently, “hot“ can now be used to describe not only temperature but also a level of attractiveness; “cool“ also refers to temperature or a level of popularity. “hip“ can mean in style or refer to a body part. Around 1932, “hip“ was commonly used as a verb transient that meant “to make

35、aware“. The last system is phonology. To best describe the evolution of phonology, it is useful to consider Ebonics, or black English. Some of the characteristics of Ebonics are the elimination of the sound “l“ makes in the middle of a word and the substitution of a “w“ sound when a word ends in “l“

36、. Black English words often drop the consonants at the end of words, especially ff the word ends in two consonants. The reason for these differences in the phonology of Standard English and that of Black English is due to ancestry. African-Americans, whose native language was African, applied many o

37、f their rules of phonics to English words. Likewise, many words in Japanese language are simply English words with vowels between each of the consonants. They“ve taken our word for something that is a new idea to them and applied their rules of phonics to the word. OK. Let me recap what we have talk

38、ed about today. The four major parts to every language system are lexicon, grammar, semantics, and phonology, and we“ve seen how they have evolved in the English language based upon the needs of those who use it. Therefore, it is reasonable to conclude that language is shaped by change. To examine h

39、ow language shapes change, it is important to consider how language is used between those who use it. 填空项 1:_ （正确答案：French words）解析： French words解析 本题要求考生填出英语词汇受到其他语言影响的顺序，这需要考生在理解的基础上综合上下文的顺序来作答。讲座是按历史顺序描述拉丁语、古代斯堪的纳维亚语、法语和希腊语对英语的影响。故填 French words。 填空项 1:_ （正确答案：Anglo-Saxons）解析： Anglo-Saxons解析 讲座列举

40、了安格鲁撒克逊人和政府两个例子加以说明新思想带动了对新词汇的需求。在 5 世纪时期，安格鲁撒克逊人接触批发贸易，并引进描述这一领域的相关词汇。结合题目这里应填 Anglo-Saxons。 填空项 1:_ （正确答案：Advances in technology）解析： Advances in technology解析 讲座以 compeer、Internet 和 search engine 这些词为例，说明了技术领域的新思想和新发展也会推动英语词汇的增加和发展，故本题可填入 Advances in technology。 填空项 1:_ （正确答案：simplified）解析： simplif

41、ied解析 讲座提到语法也是会随着历史变迁而发展的，诺曼征服英格兰之后，在与法国人的交易来往中，英语语法中的词格有所简化，因此本题答案为 simplified。 填空项 1:_ （正确答案：slower）解析： slower解析 本题可从原文 at a much slower pace 获取答案，讲座中提到语法与词汇都因需求而发生了演变，但语法的演变速度比词汇慢。对比关系是常设考点。 填空项 1:_ （正确答案：consistent/unchanged/constant）解析： consistent/unchanged/constant解析 本题考查考生综合理解信息的能力。讲座中提到，“尽管看

42、上去语法一成不变，但是我们不能把过时的语法书当作可靠的参考来源”，意思指语法不是一成不变的。因此这里填 consistent、unchanged 或 constant 均可。 填空项 1:_ （正确答案：prepositio）解析： preposition解析 演讲者在讲语法规则会发生变化时举了其亲身见证的三个实例，其一是以前小学的语法课讲句子不能用介词结尾，而根据现在的标准英语语法，句子是可以用介词结尾的，因此这里填 preposition。 填空项 1:_ （正确答案：comma）解析： comma解析 讲座举了三个语法规则已发生改变的例子。本题是例子之一，即逗号的用法。在罗列多种事物时，

43、第二项到最后一项之间可用逗号隔开。 填空项 1:_ （正确答案：evolve）解析： evolve解析 在讲语义学时讲座提到，要想知道语义学如何发展，可以去看一下单词的词源(etymology)，即词源(学)可以帮助我们了解语义学的发展，故这里填 evolve。 填空项 1:_ （正确答案：evil）解析： evil解析 本题考查考生对细节信息的把握。讲座中举了几个语义已发生了变化的词汇。sinister 在过去指的是“左边”，现在指“邪恶的”。例子是常见考点，记笔记时不能忽略。 填空项 1:_ （正确答案：popular）解析： popular解析 本题和上题一样，考查 hot 和 cool

44、 的语义。两者不仅用于描述天气，还可以指“吸引人的”或“受欢迎的”。这里需将 popularity 改写为 popular。 填空项 1:_ （正确答案：PHONOLOGY）解析： PHONOLOGY解析 讲座介绍的最后一个是语言的语音体系，因此本题答案应为 PHONOLOGY。本空应与提纲其他要点一样，注意该单词的所有字母都要大写。 填空项 1:_ （正确答案：consonants）解析： consonants解析 本题考查黑人英语的语音特征。黑人英语通常会把词尾的辅音忽略，词尾有两个辅音尤甚。因此这里填 consonants。 填空项 1:_ （正确答案：African/their）解析：

45、 African/their解析 非裔美国人会有以上发音特点是因为他们把非洲的发音规则运用到英语单词上。原文是用 their rules of phonics，意思就是非洲的发音规则。故填 African 或 their 均可。 Will Chinese Replace English?Chinese language has many advantages over European languages and the speaker thinks Chinese is possible to replace English as the global language. . Chinese

46、 is 16 Examples: a) A Chinese high-school student can read what“s written 2,000 years ago b) A Ph.D. of native England can hardly read what“s written 17 ago Reasons: a) Chinese language: characters are true to their 18 b) European language: words are true to their pronunciations c) Pronunciations change over time b