专业八级-200及答案解析.doc

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1、专业八级-200 及答案解析(总分：100.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、LISTENING COMPREHENS(总题数：0，分数：0.00)二、SECTION A MINI-LECTU(总题数：1，分数：60.00)Communicating with Strangers. The concept of the stranger and the definition of strangeness: A. Strangeness and familiarity make up a 1 . B. Strangers are those at the most 2 . C. Communica

2、tion involves predicting others“ responses. D. Communicating with strangers involves 3 . . Communicative predictions based on data from three levels: A. 4 leveldominant values or norms B. Sociocultural level 5 C. Psychocultural levelindividuals“ 6 . The process of 7 A. Definition: a 8 process - grou

3、ping particulars into categories based on similarities. - distinguishing individuals from categories. B. Communication with strangers relies on 9 C. Strategies to improve effective communication with strangers: - Be aware of 10 particular individuals from their stereotypical categories. - Do not rel

4、y on familiar scripts and norms. - 11 accordingly. . Some 12 to reduce uncertainty and anxiety A. How to gain more information about the stranger: - 13 . - Seek information from the stranger“s friends or from books. - 14 with the stranger and ask questions directly. B. Uncertainty accompanied by hig

5、h levels of anxiety. C. Anxieties can be reduced - by paying more conscious attention to the 15 . - by gathering more information on the stranger. （分数：60.00）填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_三、SECTION B INTERVIEW(总题数：2，分数：40.00)（

6、分数：20.00）A.Impose and answer questions during class time.B.Do much more homework than British students.C.Be talkative in discussion sessions and seminars.D.Listen to professors“ lectures actively.A.Courses for overseas students in British universities.B.Requirements by professors in British universi

7、ties.C.Award system in British universities.D.Problems of Asian students in British universities.A.Because students get them in the first year of university.B.Because they are the first award that a student is likely to be given by the university.C.Because these are the only degree they can get in t

8、he university.D.Because students will be awarded for the completion of course work.A.The preparatory year.B.Professionally-oriented course.C.Courses at the language schools.D.“First degree“ courses.A.One year.B.Three years.C.Four years.D.Three to seven years.（分数：20.00）A.People who are training to be

9、 teachers.B.Social workers.C.People who already have a Bachelor-level degree.D.Overseas students.A.MA (or Master of Arts).B.MSc (or Master of Science).C.MBA (or Master of Business Administration)D.A, B and C.A.It usually involves at least four years full-time research.B.It is the most prestigious re

10、search degree.C.It is expected to make a significant contribution to our knowledge of and understanding of a problem.D.It only awards to international students in British universities.A.BSc.B.MBA.C.Ph.D.D.LLD.A.Ph.D.B.Dlitt.C.DSc.D.LLD.专业八级-200 答案解析(总分：100.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、LISTENING COMPREHENS(总题数：0，

11、分数：0.00)二、SECTION A MINI-LECTU(总题数：1，分数：60.00)Communicating with Strangers. The concept of the stranger and the definition of strangeness: A. Strangeness and familiarity make up a 1 . B. Strangers are those at the most 2 . C. Communication involves predicting others“ responses. D. Communicating with

12、 strangers involves 3 . . Communicative predictions based on data from three levels: A. 4 leveldominant values or norms B. Sociocultural level 5 C. Psychocultural levelindividuals“ 6 . The process of 7 A. Definition: a 8 process - grouping particulars into categories based on similarities. - disting

13、uishing individuals from categories. B. Communication with strangers relies on 9 C. Strategies to improve effective communication with strangers: - Be aware of 10 particular individuals from their stereotypical categories. - Do not rely on familiar scripts and norms. - 11 accordingly. . Some 12 to r

14、educe uncertainty and anxiety A. How to gain more information about the stranger: - 13 . - Seek information from the stranger“s friends or from books. - 14 with the stranger and ask questions directly. B. Uncertainty accompanied by high levels of anxiety. C. Anxieties can be reduced - by paying more

15、 conscious attention to the 15 . - by gathering more information on the stranger. （分数：60.00）填空项 1:_ （正确答案：continuum）解析： continuum 听力原文 Communicating with StrangersGood morning, today“s lecture on communicating with strangers is the first of the series of lectures under the general topicintercultural

16、 communication. Every day, we communicate the way we do because we are raised in a particular culture and learn its language, rules, and norms. Different cultures and subcultures may have different rules and norms. Therefore, understanding the other“s culture facilitates cross-cultural communication

17、. All communication occurs between people who have varying degrees of familiarity with each other. The key factor in understanding intercultural communication is the concept of the stranger and the definition of strangeness. First, strangeness and familiarity make up a continuum. We use the term “st

18、ranger“ to refer to those people at the most unfamiliar end of the continuum. Thus anyone could be considered a stranger, given a sufficiently foreign context. A stranger has limited knowledge of their new environmentof its norms and values. And in turn, the locals have little knowledge of the stran

19、gerof his or her beliefs, interests and habits. Generally speaking, communication with another involves predicting or anticipating their responses. When communicating with someone familiar we are usually confident in our anticipation, and may not even notice that we are making such predictions. In c

20、ontrast, when we communicate with strangers we are more aware of the range of their possible responses, and of the uncertainty of our predictions. But where do our predictions come from? Communicative predictions are based on data from three levels. First is the cultural level. This level involves i

21、nformation about the other“s culture, its dominant values and norms. This is often the only level of information available when communicating with a stranger. Even so, a better understanding of the stranger“s culture yields better predictions. The second level of information is sociocultural. This i

22、ncludes data about the other“s group membership, or the groups to which they seek to belong. This type of information is the predominant data used in intracultural communication. Finally there is psychocultural data. This is information about the individual“s characteristics, and is the sort of data

23、 most relevant to communication with friends. Then, how do we process the prediction data when we communicate with strangers? The answer is that we understand such data by the process of social cognition. Social cognition is a dialectical process which involves both grouping particulars into categor

24、ies based on their similarities, and of distinguishing individuals from their categories based on their differences. Communication with strangers often relies too heavily on categorization or stereotyping. Such stereotypes may be inaccurate, or may not apply to the present individual. To improve com

25、munication with strangers we must pay attention to their unique, individual features. Effective communication with strangers requires an increased awareness of our communication behaviors. First, we tend to categorize things automatically, and so we are less aware of doing it. It takes more of our c

26、onscious awareness to differentiate particular individuals from their stereotypical categories. Second, much of our daily communication follows familiar scripts, and so we are not consciously aware of that communication behavior. We cannot rely on such familiar scripts and norms when communicating w

27、ith a stranger. Our communication will be improved if we recognize that familiar scripts do not apply, and seek to modify our communication behaviors accordingly. Finally, we need to talk about some ways to reduce people“s uncertainty and anxiety during their communication with strangers. Generally,

28、 in communication, we seek to reduce uncertainty. Communication with strangers involves relatively greater degrees of uncertainty, due to the difficulty in predicting a stranger“s responses. We experience uncertainty with regard to the stranger“s attitudes, feelings and beliefs. We are also uncertai

29、n of how to explain the stranger“s behavior. Motivation to reduce this uncertainty is more acute when we expect to have further interactions with the stranger, or when they are a potential source of benefit. We may reduce our uncertainty and increase the accuracy of our predictions by gaining more i

30、nformation about the stranger. There are three basic strategies for gathering such information. One may passively observe the stranger. One may actively seek out information from other friends of the stranger, or from books. Finally, one may seek information directly from the stranger by interacting

31、 with them and asking questions. Also, offering information about one“s self often prompts reciprocal offerings of information from another. The increased uncertainty in interactions with strangers is accompanied by higher levels of anxiety, as we anticipate a wider array of possible negative outcom

32、es. We may worry about damage to our self-esteem from feeling confused and out of control. We may fear the possibility of being incompetent, or being exploited. We may worry about being perceived negatively by the stranger. And we may worry that interacting with a stranger will bring disapproval fro

33、m members of our own group. Generally these anxieties can be reduced by paying more conscious attention to the communication process, and by gathering more information on the stranger. Generally, individuals tend to explain their own behavior by reference to the situation. Observers tend to attribut

34、e an individual“s behavior to elements of that individual“s character. When interacting with strangers we are especially likely to attribute their behavior to their character, and then to view their character as typical of their culture or race, etc. That is, we are especially likely to interpret a

35、stranger“s behavior in light of our stereotypes about what “those kind of people“ are like. As a result, consciously focusing on the communication process itself is an effective solution so as to gather more information about the stranger and hence to lower the level of anxiety. Finally, let“s revie

36、w the basic concepts covered in today“s lecture. First, we talked about the concept of the stranger and definition of strangeness. Communicating with strangers involve uncertain predictions of their responses. Second, we discussed where communicative predictions come from and how they are processed

37、during communication. And the last concerns our suggestions on some strategies to reduce people“s uncertainty and anxiety during their communication with strangers. 解析 细节题。根据讲座原文“strangeness and familiarity make up a continuum”即可直接得出答案。 填空项 1:_ （正确答案：unfamiliar end）解析： unfamiliar end解析 细节题。通过讲座原文中 W

38、e use the term “stranger“ to refer to those people at the most unfamiliar end of the continuum. 这句话可以轻易得出答案。 填空项 1:_ （正确答案：uncertainty in predictio）解析： uncertainty in prediction解析 推断题。讲座原文提到：In contrast, when we communicate with strangers we are more aware of the range of their possible responses, a

39、nd of the uncertainty of our predictions. 可见与陌生人沟通会增加我们交际预测的不确定性。 填空项 1:_ （正确答案：Cultural）解析： Cultural解析 要点题。我们可以根据讲座原文：Communicative predictions are based on data from three levels. First is the cultural level. 得出答案。 填空项 1:_ （正确答案：group membership）解析： group membership解析 细节题。根据讲座原文：The second level o

40、f information is sociocultural. This includes data about the other“s group membership.可以直接得出答案。 填空项 1:_ （正确答案：characteristics）解析： characteristics解析 细节题。我们可以根据讲座原文：Finally there is psychocultural data This is information about the individual“s characteristics.得出答案。 填空项 1:_ （正确答案：social cognitio）解析： s

41、ocial cognition解析 要点题。讲座原文要点为：The answer is that we understand such data by the process of social cognition. 如果听讲座的过程中记下了关键词 social cognition，则这道题就迎刃而解。 填空项 1:_ （正确答案：dialectical）解析： dialectical解析 归总题。讲座中提到：The answer is that we understand such data by the process of social cognition. Social cogniti

42、on is a dialectical process which involves both grouping particulars into categories based on their similarities, and of distinguishing individuals from their categories based on their differences. 可见社会认知这个概念是辩证的。 填空项 1:_ （正确答案：categorization/stereotyping）解析： categorization/stereotyping解析 细节题。我们可以根据

43、讲座中的 Communication with strangers often relies too heavily on categorization or stereotyping. 这句原话得出答案。 填空项 1:_ （正确答案：differentiating）解析： differentiating解析 细节题。但需要根据题干上下文转换词性。讲座中原话为：It takes more of our conscious awareness to differentiate particular individuals from their stereotypical categories.

44、而题干中出现 be aware of，其中 of是介词，后接名词，因此就需要把原话中的 differentiate变为 differentiating。 填空项 1:_ （正确答案：Modify communication behaviors）解析： Modify communication behaviors解析 细节题。讲座原文提到：Our communication will be improved if we recognize that familiar scripts do not apply, and seek to modify our communication behavi

45、ors accordingly. 只要把关键词 modify communication behaviors填入即可。 填空项 1:_ （正确答案：ways/strategies）解析： ways/strategies解析 要点题。这里的关键句是：Finally, we need to talk about some ways to reduce people“s uncertainty and anxiety during their communication with strangers. finally这个信号词提醒我们讲座的最后一个要点即将出现，因此积极抓取信号词是答对要点题的关键。

46、 填空项 1:_ （正确答案：Observe the stranger）解析： Observe the stranger解析 细节题。讲座中提到从陌生人身上获取信息的第一条策略就是要观察陌生人：One may passively observe the stranger. 因此答案为 Observe the stranger。 填空项 1:_ （正确答案：Interact）解析： Interact解析 细节题。可以根据讲座原文.one may seek information directly from the stranger by interacting with them and ask

47、ing questions. 直接得出答案。 填空项 1:_ （正确答案：communication process）解析： communication process解析 细节题。讲座中提到：Generally these anxieties can be reduced by paying more conscious attention to the communication process.consciously focusing on the communication process itself is an effective solution so as to gather

48、more information about the stranger and hence to lower the level of anxiety. 这量 communication process被重复提到，可见其必定是关键的细节信息。 三、SECTION B INTERVIEW(总题数：2，分数：40.00)（分数：20.00）A.Impose and answer questions during class time.B.Do much more homework than British students. C.Be talkative in discussion sessions and seminars.D.Listen to professors“ l