专业八级-189及答案解析.doc

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1、专业八级-189 及答案解析(总分：100.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、BPART LISTENIN(总题数：1，分数：10.00)BHow Deer Survive Winter/B Like most of the wild animals, deer survive the cold winter by using energy stored in the summer and fall, usually in the form of (1) 1. _ _. They also spend (2)_energy in winter than in 2. _ summer. Deer

2、always give birth to their fawns in May or June. This is good (3)_, because it coincides with the time when 3. _ plenty of new plants are available. The mother deer must have enough food both to meet the needs of their own bodies and to 4. _ produce (4)_for their fawns. As the fawns grow, they becom

3、e less and less (5)_on their mothers. As winter 5. _ comes, deers hair becomes darker and (6)_. Besides, 6. _ nature provides another (7)_to help them survive the 7. _ cold weather. They become somewhat slow and drowsy. Their heart rate (8)_This is an internal physiological 8. _ response which is to

4、 (9)_their cost of energy. 9. _ All these practices and responses that increase deers chances of survival in winter are the result of thousands Of years of (10)_. 10. _（分数：10.00）填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_二、BSECTION B/B(总题数：1，分数：5.00)(1).Opel is developing

5、a new car which _.（分数：1.00）A.is too short to include great changesB.is completely different from the old modelsC.will try hard to keep its characteristic styleD.is not greatly different from the old models(2).Which of the following is not one of Opels major considerations in developing a new car?（分数

6、：1.00）A.Petrol consumption.B.Speed.C.Safety.D.Comfortability.(3).New cars are becoming faster and faster because _.（分数：1.00）A.the efficiency of the engines has improved a lotB.the engines are more powerfulC.people like driving fastD.highways provide enough chances for fast driving(4).On the developm

7、ent of the electro-car, the main problem is _.（分数：1.00）A.nothing technicalB.electricity is too expensiveC.the speed of the car is not fast enoughD.the weight of the battery(5).It seems that Opels chief engineer is _ the development of alternative energies.（分数：1.00）A.optimistic aboutB.pessimistic abo

8、utC.not enthusiastic aboutD.devoted to三、BSECTION C/B(总题数：2，分数：5.00)(1).Which of the following groups of facts about the reported bomb explosion is TRUE?（分数：1.00）A.Date: Monday; Place: a Shiite Mosque; Casualties: 16 killed, 30 injured.B.Date: Monday; Place: a house nearby a Shiite Mosque; Casualties

9、: 17 killed, 30 injured.C.Date: Sunday; Place: unknown; Casualties: 1 killed.D.Date: Sunday; Place: a Shiite Mosque; Casualties: 17 killed; 30 injured.(2).The bomb explosion might be linked to _.（分数：1.00）A.A1 Qaeda terrorist groupB.citywide rioting on the day beforeC.the killing of a Sunni clericD.t

10、he dispute over the ownership of the mosque(3).The tragic events on Sunday and Monday reveal _ in Pakistan.（分数：1.00）A.the historic hatred between Sunni and Shiite MuslimsB.there are sectarian terrorists among both Sunni and Shiite MuslimsC.Sunni Muslims could never have good relations with Shiite Mu

11、slimsD.Sunni Muslims would not allow Shiite Muslims to challenge their majority roleI Questions 9 and 10 are based on the following news. At the end of the news item, you will be given 10 seconds to answer each question. Now listen to the news. /I（分数：2.00）(1).The governor of an Iranian province _.（分

12、数：1.00）A.was killed in an earthquakeB.was killed in a helicopter crash on FridayC.was among the 9 deadD.survived the crash(2).The earthquake in northern Iran killed at least _ people.（分数：1.00）A.9B.25C.34D.80四、BPART READING (总题数：3，分数：11.00)BTEXT A/BBGovernments Are Trying/BA 1990 United Nations surve

13、y revealed that the more highly developed countries spend an average of 2 to 3 percent of their annual budgets on crime control, while developing countries spend even more, an average of 9 to 14 percent. Increasing the size of the police force and providing it with better equipment takes priority in

14、 some localities. But results are mixed. Some Hungarian citizens complain: “There are never enough policemen to catch the criminals but always enough to catch traffic violators.“Many governments have recently found it necessary to pass tougher crime laws. For example, since “kidnapping is on the ris

15、e across Latin America,“ says Time magazine, the governments there have responded with .laws that are “at once vigorous and ineffectual“. “Passing laws is one thing,“ it admits, “applying them another.“It is estimated that in Britain more than 100,000 neighborhood watch schemes, covering at least fo

16、ur million homes, existed in 1992. Similar programs were implemented in Australia in the mid1980s. Their aim, says the Australian Institute of Criminology, is to reduce crime “by improving citizens awareness about public safety, by improving residents attitudes and behaviour in reporting Crime and s

17、uspicious events in the neighbourhood and by reducing vulnerability to crime with the help of property identification and installation of effective security devices.“Closed-circuit television is used in some places to link police stations with commercial premises. Video cameras are used by police, b

18、anks, and stores as a crime deterrent or as a tool for identifying lawbreakers.In Nigeria the police have Checkpoints on highways in efforts to apprehend robbers and carjackers. The government has set up a task force on trade malpractices to combat fraud. Police-community relations committees made u

19、p of community leaders inform the police of criminal activity and people of questionable character.Visitors to the Philippines note that homes are generally not left unattended and that many people have watchdogs. Businessmen employ private security guards to protect their businesses. Anti-theft dev

20、ices for cars sell well. People who can afford to do so withdraw to tightly secured subdivisions or condominiums.The London newspaper The Independent commented: “As confidence in the rule of law falls, citizens are organizing the defense of their own communities in increasing numbers.“ And more and

21、more people are arming themselves. In the United States, for example, it is estimated that every second household owns at least one gun.Governments are, constantly developing new methods of combating crime. But V. Vsevolodov, of the Academy of Home Affairs in Ukraine, points out that according to UN

22、 sources, so many gifted people are finding “unique methods of carrying on criminal activity“ that “the training of law enforcement personnel“ cannot keep up. Clever criminals funnel huge sums of money back into businesses and social services, merging with society and “gaining for themselves high po

23、sitions in society.“（分数：5.00）(1).What is the main reason for citizens to take in hand the defense of themselves?（分数：1.00）A.There are not enough policemen.B.They do not trust the rule of law.C.The police force is inefficient.D.Security devices do not work.(2).A neighborhood watch scheme will probably

24、 do all of the following EXCEPT _.（分数：1.00）A.helping to install anti-theft devicesB.raising citizens consciousness of community safetyC.helping citizens to claim a lost propertyD.encouraging citizens to report suspicious events(3).According to the author, the outlook for ending crime is _.（分数：1.00）A

25、.rosyB.unclearC.hard to describeD.bleak(4).Governments have taken all of the following measures EXCEPT _ to combat crime.（分数：1.00）A.increasing the size of the police forceB.providing the police with better equipmentC.passing more severe crime lawsD.educating the public through TV programs(5).As can

26、be inferred from the passage, _.（分数：1.00）A.it is urgent to pass laws for gun control in the U. S.B.people occupying high positions are more prone to crimeC.many criminals are intelligent enough to escape punishmentD.empty houses in the Philippines are often guarded by watch dogsBTEXT B/BPublic trans

27、it. In North America, public transportation has been the major casualty of the commitment to the automobile. Ridership on public transportation declined in the United States from 23 billion per year in the late 1940s to 7 billion in the early 1990s. At the end of World War I, U.S. cities had 50,000

28、kilometers of street railways and trolleys that carried 14 billion passengers a year, but only a few hundred kilometers of track remain. The number of U. S. and Canadian cities with trolley service declined from about fifty in 1950 to eight in the 1960s: Boston, Cleveland, New York, New Orleans, Phi

29、ladelphia, Pittsburgh, San Francisco, and Toronto.Buses offered a more flexible service than trolleys, because they were not restricted to operating only on fixed tracks. General Motors acquired many of the privately owned streetcar companies and replaced the trolleys with buses that the company mad

30、e. But bus ridership has declined from a peak of 11 billion riders per year in the late 1940s to 5 million in the 1990s. Commuter railroad service, like trolleys and buses, has also been drastically reduced in most U.S. cities.The one exception to the downward trend in public transportation in the U

31、nited States is the subway, now known to transportation planners as fixed heavy rail. Cities such as Boston and Chicago have attracted new passengers through construction of new lines and modernization of existing service. Chicago has been a pioneer in the construction of heavy rail rapid transit li

32、nes in the median strip of expressways. Entirely new subway systems have been built in recent years in a number of U.S. cities, including Atlanta, Baltimore, Miami, San Francisco, and Washington, D.C.Public transportation is particularly suited to bringing a large number of people into a small area

33、in a short period of time. Consequently, its use is increasingly confined in the United States to rush-hour commuting by workers in the central business district. A bus can accommodate thirty people in the amount of space occupied by one automobile, while a double-track rapid transit line can transp

34、ort the same number of people as sixteen lanes of urban freeway.Despite modest recent successes, most public transportation systems are caught in a vicious circle, because fares do not cover operating costs. As patronage declines and expenses rise, the fares are increased, which drives away passenge

35、rs and leads to service reductions and still higher fares. Public expenditures to subsidize construction and operating costs have increased, but public officials in the United States do not consider that public transportation is a vital utility deserving subsidy to the degree long assumed by Europea

36、n governments.In contrast, even in the relatively developed Western European countries and Japan, where automobile ownership rates are high, extensive networks of bus, tram, and subway lines have been maintained, and funds for new construction have been provided in recent years. Since the late 1960s

37、, London has opened 27 kilometers of subways, including two new lines, plus 18 kilometers in light rail transit lines to serve the docklands area. During the same period, Paris has built 65 kilometers of new subway lines, including a new system, known as the Reseau Express Regional (R. E. R.) to ser

38、ve outer suburbs.Smaller cities have shared the construction boom. In France alone, new subway lines have been built since the 1970s in Lille, Lyon, and Marseille, and hundreds of kilometers of entirely new tracks have been laid between the countrys major cities to operate a high-speed train known a

39、s the TGV.（分数：3.00）(1).Which of the following is NOT true of the public transportation systems in the developed countries?（分数：1.00）A.Commuter railroad service, trolleys and buses have been reduced in the U. S.B.Subways have largely been maintained.C.Fares usually can not cover operating costs.D.U.S.

40、 officials think it worthwhile to subsidize public transportation.(3).The decline of bus ridership in the U.S. is caused by _.（分数：1.00）A.the rise of bus faresB.the increased number of private carsC.the improvement of the commuter railroad serviceD.the poor condition of the transportation infrastruct

41、ureBTEXT C/BThere are two main methods of organizing governmentsthe unitary system and the federal system. The unitary state places most power in the hands of central government officials, whereas the federal state allocates strong power to units of local government within the country. A countrys cu

42、ltural and physical characteristics influence the evolution of its governmental system.In principle, the unitary government system works best in countries that have both relatively few internal cultural differences and a strong sense of national unity. Therefore, states whose boundaries coincide clo

43、sely with the boundaries of nations are more likely to consider a unitary system of government. In addition, because the unitary system requires effective communications with all regions of the country, smaller states fire more likely to adopt it. If the country is very large or has isolated regions

44、, strong national control is difficult.In reality, multinational states often have unitary systems so that the values of one nationality can be imposed on others. In a number of African and Asian countries, for instance, the mechanism of a unitary state has enabled one ethnic group to extend dominan

45、ce over weaker groups. In some cases, a minority group is able to impose its values on the majority of the population. When communist parties controlled the government of Eastern European countries, for example, the unitary systems enabled the imposition of uniform cultural values on otherwise multi

46、national societies.In a federal state, local governments possess more authority to adopt their own laws. Multinational states usually adopt a federal system of government in order to give power to different nationalities, especially if they live in separate regions of the country. Under a federal sy

47、stem, local government boundaries can be drawn that correspond to the regions inhabited by different nations. The federal system is also more suitable for very large states. The national capitals of very large states may be too remote to provide effective control over isolated regions.In the late tw

48、entieth century, a strong global trend occurred in favor of the federal system of government. Most of the worlds largest states were already federal, including the Soviet Union, Canada, the United States, Brazil, and India. During the late 1980s and 1990s, unitary systems have been sharply curtailed in a number of countries and scrapped altogether in others.（分数：3.00）(1).In the last paragraph, the word “scrapped“ can be best replaced by _.（分数：1.00）A.scratchedB.reinfor