职称英语卫生类B级真题2013年及答案解析.doc

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1、职称英语卫生类 B 级真题 2013 年及答案解析(总分：100.00，做题时间：120 分钟)一、第 1 部分：词汇选项（第 1-15 题，每题 1(总题数：15，分数：15.00)1.Rumors began to （circulate） about his financial problems. （分数：1.00）A.sendB.hearC.confirmD.spread2.The contract between the two companies will （expire） soon. （分数：1.00）A.shortenB.startC.endD.resume3.I have li

2、ttle information （as regards） her fitness for the post. （分数：1.00）A.aboutB.atC.withD.from4.She gets （aggressive） when she is drunk. （分数：1.00）A.worriedB.offensiveC.sleepyD.anxious5.He was （tempted） by the high salary offered by the company. （分数：1.00）A.taughtB.keptC.changedD.attracted6.As a politician,

3、 he knows how to （manipulate） public opinion. （分数：1.00）A.expressB.divideC.voiceD.influence7.These animals （migrate） south annually in search of food. （分数：1.00）A.exploreB.travelC.inhabitD.prefer8.The rules are too （rigid） to allow for humane error. （分数：1.00）A.generalB.inflexibleC.complexD.direct9.The

4、re was something （peculiar） in the way he smiles. （分数：1.00）A.differentB.strangeC.wrongD.funny10.Come out, or Ill （bust） the door down. （分数：1.00）A.shutB.setC.beatD.break11.The police will need to keep a （wary） eye on this area of town. （分数：1.00）A.cautiousB.nakedC.blindD.private12.She （came across） th

5、ree children sleeping under a bridge. （分数：1.00）A.passed byB.took a notice ofC.woke upD.found by chance13.Make sure the table is securely （anchored）. （分数：1.00）A.repairedB.clearedC.fixedD.booked14.He paused, waiting for her to （digest） the information. （分数：1.00）A.withholdB.understandC.exchangeD.contac

6、t15.It seemed （incredible） that he had been there a week already. （分数：1.00）A.rightB.obviousC.unclearD.unbelievable二、第 2 部分：阅读判断（第 16-22 题，每题(总题数：1，分数：7.00)Promising Results from Cancer Study A new experimental vaccine (疫苗) has shown promising results in the fight against lung cancer. In a small Texa

7、s-based study, a vaccine developed by scientists at Baylor University Medical Centre in Dallas, USA, cured lung cancer in some patients and slowed the progress of the disease in others. Researchers have reported encouraging findings from this small study. Forty-three patients suffering from lung can

8、cer were involved in these trials. Ten of these patients were in the early stages and thirty-three in the advanced stages of the disease. They were injected with the vaccine every two weeks for three months, and were carefully monitored for three years. In three of the patients in the advanced stage

9、s of cancer, the disease disappeared and in the others, it did not spread for five to twenty-four months. However, no great difference was seen in the patients in the early stages of the illness. This new vaccine uses the patients own immune system. It is made specifically for each patient and is in

10、jected into the arm or leg. It stimulates the bodys immune system, which then recognizes that the cancer cells are harmful, and attacks and destroys them. The vaccine could be effective against other forms of cancer. It offers great hope for the treatment of cancer in general, although further studi

11、es are needed before such treatment can be widely used.（分数：7.00）(1).The vaccine cured all the participants in the trial.（分数：1.00）A.RightB.WrongC.Not mentioned(2).Over forty people participated in the study.（分数：1.00）A.RightB.WrongC.Not mentioned(3).Patients in the early stages of the disease recovere

12、d more quickly in the trial.（分数：1.00）A.RightB.WrongC.Not mentioned(4).All the patients were from Dallas.（分数：1.00）A.RightB.WrongC.Not mentioned(5).Every patient was injected with the same vaccine.（分数：1.00）A.RightB.WrongC.Not mentioned(6).The vaccine activates the immune system.（分数：1.00）A.RightB.Wrong

13、C.Not mentioned(7).The vaccine may be useful for treating other cancers.（分数：1.00）A.RightB.WrongC.Not mentioned三、第 3 部分：概括大意与完成句子（第 23-3(总题数：1，分数：8.00)Organic Food: Why? 1. Europe is now the biggest market for organic food in the world, expanding by 25 percent a year over the past 10 years. So what i

14、s the attraction of organic food for some people? The really important thing is that organic sounds more “natural”. Eating organic is a way of defining oneself as natural, good, caring, different from the junk-food-eating masses. 2. Unlike conventional farming, the organic approach means farming wit

15、h natural rather than man-made, fertilisers and pesticides. Techniques such as crop rotation improve soil quality and help organic farmers compensate for the absence of man-made chemicals. As a method of food production, organic is, however, inefficient in its use of labour and land; there are sever

16、e limits to how much food can be produced. Also, the environmental benefits of not using artificial fertiliser are tiny compared with the amount of carbon dioxide emitted by transporting food. 3. Organic farming is often claimed to be safer than conventional farming. Yet studies into organic farming

17、 worldwide continue to reject this claim. An extensive review by the UK Food Standards Agency found that there was no statistically significant difference between organic and conventional crops. Even where results indicated there was evidence of a difference, the reviewers found no sign that these d

18、ifferences would have any noticeable effect on health 4. The simplistic claim that organic food is more nutritious than conventional food was always likely to be misleading. Food is a natural product, and the health value of different foods will vary for a number of reasons, including freshness, the

19、 way the food is cooked, the type of soil it is grown in, the amount of sunlight and rain crops have received, and so on. Likewise, the flavour of a carrot has less to do with whether it was fertilised with manure or something out of a plastic sack than with the variety of carrot and how long ago it

20、 was dug up. 5. The notion that organic food is safer than “normal” food is also contradicted by the fact that many of our most common foods are full of natural toxins. As one research expert says: “People think that the more natural something is, the better it is for them. That is simply not the ca

21、se. In fact, it is the opposite that is true: the closer a plant is to its natural state, the more likely it is that it will poison you. Naturally many plants do not want to be eaten, so we have spent 10,000 years developing agriculture and breeding out harmful traits from crops.”（分数：8.00）(1).A. Fac

22、tors that affect food health value B. Main reason for the popularity of organic food C. Testing the taste of organic food D. Research into whether organic food is better E. Necessity to remove hidden dangers from food F. Description of organic farming Paragraph 1（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.E.F.(2).Paragraph2（分

23、数：1.00）A.B.C.D.E.F.(3).Paragraph 3（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.E.F.(4).Paragraph 4（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.E.F.(5).A. affect their nutritional content B. poison you C. improve soil quality D. be eaten E. show that organic crops are safer than conventional ones F. be specially trained Techniques of organic farming help

24、_ .（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.E.F.(6).There is no convincing evidence to _ .（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.E.F.(7).The weather conditions during the growth of crops _ .（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.E.F.(8).The closer a plant is to its natural state, the less suitable it is to _ .（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.E.F.四、第 4 部分：阅读理解（第 31-45 题，每题(总题数：3，分数：

25、45.00)第一篇“Dont Drink Alone” Gets New Meaning In what may be bad news for bars and pubs, a European research group has found that people drinking alcohol outside of meals have a significantly higher risk of cancer in the mouth and neck than do those taking their libations with food. Luigino Dal Maso

26、and his colleagues studied the drinking patterns of 1,500 patients from four cancer studies and another 3, 500 adults who had never had cancer. After the researchers accounted for the amount of alcohol consumed, they found that individuals who downed a significant share of their alcohol outside of m

27、eals faced at least a 50 to 80 percent risk of cancer in the oral cavity, pharynx, and esophagus, when compared with people who drank only at meals. Consuming alcohol without food also increased by at least 20 percent the likelihood of laryngeal cancer. “Roughly 95 percent of cancers at these four s

28、ites traced to smoking or drinking by the study volunteers,” Dal Maso says. The discouraging news, his team reports, is that drinking with meals didnt eliminate cancer risk at any of the sites. For their new analysis, the European scientists divided people in the study into four groups, based on how

29、 many drinks they reported having in an average week. The lowest-intake group included people who averaged up to 20 drinks a week. The highest group reported downing at least 56 servings of alcohol weekly for an average of eight or more per day. Cancer risks for the mouth and neck sites rose steadil

30、y with consumption even for people who reported drinking only with meals. For instance, compared with people in the lowest-consumption group, participants who drank 21 to 34 alcohol servings a week at least doubled their cancer risk for all sites other than the larynx. If people in these consumption

31、 groups took some of those drinks outside meals, those in the higher consumption group at least quadrupled their risk for oral cavity and esophageal cancers. People in the highest-consumption group who drank only with meals had 10 times the risk of oral cancer, 7 times the risk of pharyngeal cancer,

32、 and 16 times the risk of esophageal cancer compared with those who averaged 20 or fewer drinks a week with meals. In contrast, laryngeal cancer risk in the high-intake, with-meals-only group was only triple that in the low-intake consumers who drank with meals. “Alcohol can inflame tissues. Over ti

33、me, that inflammation can trigger cancer.” Dal Maso says. He suspects that food reduced cancer risk either by partially coating digestive-tract tissues or by scrubbing alcohol off those tissues. He speculates that the reason laryngeal risks were dramatically lower for all study participants traces t

34、o the tissues lower exposure to alcohol.（分数：15.00）(1).Who are more likely to develop cancer in the mouth and neck? （分数：3.00）A.People who drink alcohol at meals.B.People who never drink alcohol.C.People who drink alcohol outside of meals.D.People who drink alcohol at bars and pubs.(2).Which of the fo

35、llowing is NOT the research finding about “drinking with meals”? （分数：3.00）A.It lowers cancer risk compared with drinking without food.B.It may be a cause of cancer.C.It does not eliminate cancer risk at any of the sites.D.It increases by 20 percent the risk of cancer in all the four sites.(3).How ma

36、ny drinks do the lowest-intake group average per week? （分数：3.00）A.21B.20C.34D.56(4).Which of the four cancers has the lowest risk? （分数：3.00）A.Oral cancerB.Laryngeal cancerC.Pharyngeal cancerD.Esophageal cancer.(5).According to the last paragraph, tissues lower exposure to alcohol （分数：3.00）A.reduces

37、the risk of laryngeal cancer.B.explains why inflammation triggers cancer.C.accounts for why food can coat digestive-tract tissues.D.is the reason why food can scrub alcohol off tissues.第二篇 The Worlds Best-Selling Medicine Since ancient times, people all over the world have used willow to stop pain.

38、The willow tree contains salicylic acid (水杨酸). This stops pain, but there is one problem. Salicylic acid also hurts the stomach. In 1853, a French scientist made a mixture from willow that did not hurt the stomach. However, his mixture was difficult to make, and he did not try to produce or sell it.

39、 In 1897, in Germany, Felix Hoffmann also made a mixture with salicylic acid. He tried it himself first and then gave it to his father because his father was old and in a lot of pain. His fathers pain went away, and the mixture did not hurt his stomach. Hoffmann worked for Bayer, a German company. H

40、e showed his new drug to his manager, who tested the drug and found that it worked well. Bayer decided to make the drug. They called it aspirin and put the Bayer name on every pill. Aspirin was an immediate success. Almost everyone has pain of some kind, so aspirin answered a true need. Aspirin was

41、cheap, easy to take, and effective, it also lowered fevers. Aspirin was a wonder drug. At first, Bayer sold the drug through doctors, who then sold it to their patients. In 1915, the company started to sell aspirin in drugstores. In the United States, Bayer had a patent on the drug. Other companies

42、could make similar products and sell them in other countries, but only Bayer could make and sell aspirin in the United States. In time, Bayer could no longer own the name aspirin in the United States. Other companies could make it there, too. However, Bayer aspirin was the most well known, and for m

43、any years, it was the market leader. By the 1950s, new painkillers were on the market. Aspirin was no longer the only way to treat pain and reduce fever. Bayer and other companies looked for other drugs to make. However, in the 1970s they got a surprise. Doctors noticed that patients who were taking

44、 aspirin had fewer heart attacks than other people. A British researcher named John Vane found the reason aspirin helped to prevent heart attacks. In 1982, he won the Nobel Prize for his research. Doctors started to tell some of their patients to take aspirin every day to prevent heart attacks. It h

45、as made life better for the many people who take it. It has also made a lot of money for companies like Bayer that produce and sell it!（分数：15.00）(1).Why didnt the French scientist continue to make the medicine that stopped pain? （分数：3.00）A.It didnt work well.B.It hurt the stomach.C.It was hard to ma

46、ke.D.It was not cost-effective.(2).Why was Felix Hoffmann looking for a painkiller? （分数：3.00）A.His company told him to do that.B.He wanted to make a lot of money.C.His father was in pain.D.He suffered from headache.(3).Bayer started making aspirin because （分数：3.00）A.it helped prevent heart attacks.B

47、.other companies were making it.C.the manager was a scientist.D.it worked well in stopping pain.(4).Bayer aspirin was （分数：3.00）A.the only drug with the name “aspirin”.B.the first aspirin sold in the United States.C.not sold in drugstores in 1915.D.not easy to find in drugstores.(5).What has happened

48、 to aspirin since new painkillers came on the market? （分数：3.00）A.Companies have stopped selling it.B.It has become the best-selling painkiller.C.Its new use has been discovered.D.Doctors have sold it to patients.第三篇 On the Trail of the Honey Badgers On a recent field trip to the Kalahari Desert, a t

49、eam of researchers learnt a lot more about honey badgers (獾). The team employed a local wildlife expert, Kitso Khama, to help them locate and follow the badgers across the desert. Their main aim was to study the badgers movements and behaviour as discreetly (谨慎地) as possible, without frightening them away or causing them to change their natural behaviour. They also planned to trap a few and study them close up before releasing them. In view of the animals reputation, this was something that even Khama was reluctant to do. “The problem with honey badgers is they are