职称英语理工类A级真题2015年及答案解析.doc

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1、职称英语理工类 A 级真题 2015 年及答案解析(总分：100.00，做题时间：120 分钟)一、第一部分：词汇选项（第 115 题，每题 1(总题数：15，分数：15.00)1.I will not tolerate that sort of behavior in my class. （分数：1.00）A.controlB.observeC.regulateD.accept2.She showed a natural aptitude for the work. （分数：1.00）A.senseB.talentC.flavorD.taste3.Most people find rejec

2、tion hard to accept. （分数：1.00）A.excuseB.clientC.refusalD.destiny4.The organization was bold enough to face the press. （分数：1.00）A.pleasedB.powerfulC.braveD.sensible5.They were locked in mortal combat. （分数：1.00）A.deadlyB.openC.actualD.active6.We were attracted by the lure of quick money. （分数：1.00）A.am

3、ountB.supplyC.temptD.sum7.The procedures were perceived as complex and less transparent. （分数：1.00）A.clearB.necessaryC.specialD.correct8.The Stock Exchange is in turmoil following a huge wave of selling. （分数：1.00）A.ServiceB.dangerC.disorderD.threat9.He believes that Europe must change or it will peri

4、sh. （分数：1.00）A.surviveB.lastC.dieD.move10.There was a simultaneous trial taking place in the next build. （分数：1.00）A.fairB.fullC.coexistingD.public11.They promote assimilation of ethnic groups into the main-stream culture. （分数：1.00）A.policyB.valueC.equalityD.integration12.A salesmans cardinal rule is

5、 to satisfy customers. （分数：1.00）A.principalB.officialC.simpleD.legal13.I must compliment you on your handling of a very difficult situation（分数：1.00）A.silenceB.praiseC.assureD.complain14.We lived for years in a perpetual state of fear （分数：1.00）A.emotionalB.nervousC.terribleD.Continuous15.The starving

6、 children were a pathetic sight. （分数：1.00）A.commonB.unexpectedC.unforgettableD.Pitiful二、第二部分：阅读判断（第 1622 题，每题(总题数：1，分数：7.00)Lack of Oxygen Delayed the Rise of Animals on Earth Scientists have long speculated as to why animal species didnt flourish sooner, once sufficient oxygen covered the Earths su

7、rface. Animals began to prosper at the end of the Proterozoic period, about 800 million years ago but what about the billion-year stretch before that, when most researchers think there also was plenty of oxygen? Well, it seems the air wasnt so great then, after all. In a study published Oct. 31 in S

8、cience, Yale researcher Noah Planavsky and his colleagues found that oxygen levels during the “boring billion” period were only 0.1% of what they are today. In other words, Earths atmosphere couldnt have supported a diversity of creatures, no matter what genetic advancements were poised to occur. “T

9、here is no question that genetic and ecological innovation must ultimately be behind the rise of animals, but it is equally unavoidable that animals need a certain level of oxygen,” said Planavsky, co-lead author of the research along with Christopher Reinhard of the Georgia Institute of Technology.

10、 “Were providing the first evidence that oxygen levels were low enough during this period to potentially prevent the rise of animals.” The scientists found their evidence by analyzing chromium (Cr) isotopes in ancient sediments from China, Australia, Canada, and the United States. Chromium is found

11、in the Earths continental crust, and chromium oxidation is directly linked to the presence of free oxygen in the atmosphere. Specifically, the team studied samples deposited in shallow, iron-rich ocean areas, near the shore. They compared their data with other samples taken from younger locales know

12、n to have higher levels of oxygen. Oxygens role in controlling the first appearance of animals has long vexed scientists. “We were missing the right approach until now,” Planavsky said. “Chromium gave us the proxy.” Previous estimates put the oxygen level at 40% of todays conditions during pre-anima

13、l times, leaving open the possibility that oxygen was already plentiful enough to support animal life. In the new study, the researchers acknowledged that oxygen levels were “highly dynamic” in the early atmosphere, with the potential for occasional spikes. However, they said, “It seems clear that t

14、here is a first-order difference in the nature of Earth surface Cr cycling” before and after the rise of animals. “If we are right, our results will really change how people view the origins of animals and other complex life, and their relationships to the co-evolving environment,” said co-author Ti

15、m Lyons of the University of California-Riverside. “This could be a game changer.” “Theres a lot of interest right now in a broader discussion surrounding the role that environmental stability played in the evolution of complex life, and we think our results are a significant contribution to that,”

16、Reinhard said.（分数：7.00）(1).The study discovered the rise of animals occurred earlier than the Proterozoic period. （分数：1.00）A.RightB.WrongC.Not mentioned(2).Many researchers believe the oxygen level was high during pre-animal times. （分数：1.00）A.RightB.WrongC.Not mentioned(3).The team was funded by sev

17、eral research institutes. （分数：1.00）A.RightB.WrongC.Not mentioned(4).Genetic advancements triggered the rise of animals. （分数：1.00）A.RightB.WrongC.Not mentioned(5).The samples studied in the research were collected in ocean areas.（分数：1.00）A.RightB.WrongC.Not mentioned(6).The study revealed that chromi

18、um found in Earths continental crust remained stable before and after the rise of animals. （分数：1.00）A.RightB.WrongC.Not mentioned(7).Tim Lyons liked to play computer games in his spare time. （分数：1.00）A.RightB.WrongC.Not mentioned三、第三部分：概括大意与完成句子（第 233(总题数：1，分数：8.00)First Image-recognition Software 1

19、.Dartmouth researchers and their colleagues have created an artificial intelligence software that uses photos to locate documents on the Internet with far greater accuracy than ever before. 2.The new system, which was tested on photos and is now being applied to videos, shows for the first time that

20、 a machine learning algorithm (运算法则) for image recognition and retrieval is accurate and efficient enough to improve large-scale document searches online. The system uses pixel (像素) data in images and potentially video rather than just text to locate documents. It learns to recognize the pixels asso

21、ciated with a search phrase by studying the results from text-based image search engines. The knowledge gleaned (收集) from those results can then be applied to other photos without tags or captions (图片说明), making for more accurate document search results. 3.“Over the last 30 years,“ says Associate Pr

22、ofessor Lorenzo Torresani, a co-author of the study, “the Web has evolved from a small collection of mostly text documents to a modern, massive, fast-growing multimedia data set, where nearly every page includes multiple pictures or videos. When a person looks at a Web page, he immediately gets the

23、gist (主旨) of it by looking at the pictures in it. Yet, surprisingly, all existing popular search engines, such as Google or Bing, strip away the information contained in the photos and use exclusively the text of Web pages to perform the document retrieval. Our study is the first to show that modern

24、 machine vision systems are accurate and efficient enough to make effective use of the information contained in image pixels to improve document search.“ 4.The researchers designed and tested a machine vision system a type of artificial intelligence that allows computers to learn without being expli

25、citly programmed that extracts semantic (语义的) information from the pixels of photos in Web pages. This information is used to enrich the description of the HTML page used by search engines for document retrieval. The researchers tested their approach using more than 600 search queries (查询)on a datab

26、ase of 50 million Web pages. They selected the text-retrieval search engine with the best performance and modified it to make use of the additional semantic information extracted by their method from the pictures of the Web pages. They found that this produced a 30 percent improvement in precision o

27、ver the original search engine purely based on text. （分数：8.00）(1).A. Function of the new system B. Improvement in document retrieval C. Publication of the new discovery D. Problems of the existing search engines E. Popularity of the new system F. Artificial intelligence software created Paragraph 1（

28、分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.E.F.(2).Paragraph 2（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.E.F.(3).Paragraph 3（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.E.F.(4).Paragraph 4（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.E.F.(5).A. using photos B. description of the HTML page C. current popular search engines D. document search E. information in images F. machine vision systems The new system d

29、oes document retrieval by（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.E.F.(6).The new system is expected to improve precision in （分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.E.F.(7).When performing document retrieval the existing search engines ignore （分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.E.F.(8).The new system was found more effective in document search than the （分数：1.00）A.

30、B.C.D.E.F.四、第四部分：阅读理解(总题数：3，分数：45.00)Face Masks May Not Protect from Super-Flu If a super-flu strikes, face masks may not protect you. Whether widespread use of masks will help, or harm,during the next worldwide flu outbreak is a question that researchers are studying furiously. No results have come

31、 from their mask research yet. However, the government says people should consider wearing them certain stations anyway, just in case. But its a question the public keeps asking while the government is makingpreparations for the next flu pandemic （大流行）.So the Centers for Disease Control and Preventi

32、on （CDC） came up with preliminary guidelines. “We dont want People wearing them everywhere,“ said the CDC. The overall recommendation really is to avoid exposure.” When that is not possible, the guidelines say you should consider wearing a simple surgical mask if you are in one of the three followin

33、g situations. First, youre healthy and cant avoid going to a crowded place. Second, youre sick and think you may have close contact with the healthy, such as a family member checking on you. Third, you live with someone whos sick and thus might be in the early stages of infection, but still need to

34、go out. Influenza pandemics can strike when the easy-to-mutate （变异）flu virus shifts to a strain（菌株）that people never have experienced. Scientists cannot predict when the next pandemic will arrive, although concern is rising that the Asian bird flu might trigger one if it starts spreading easily from

35、 person to person. During the flu pandemic, you should protect yourself. Avoid crowds, and avoid close contact with the sick unless you must care for someone. Why arent masks added to this self-protection list? Because they can help trap virus-laden droplets flying through the air with a cough or sn

36、eeze. Simple surgical masks only filter the larger droplets （飞沫）. Besides, the CDC is afraid masks may create a false sense of security. Perhaps someone who should have stayed home would don（戴）an ill-fitting mask and hop on the subway instead. Nor does flu only spread through the air. Say someone co

37、vers a sneeze with his or her hand, then touches a doorknob or subway pole. If you touch that spot next and then put germy hands on your nose or mouth, youve been exposed. Its harder to rub your nose while wearing a mask, so your face may get pretty sweaty under masks. You reach under to wipe that s

38、weat, and may transfer germs caught on the outside of the mask straight to the nose. These are the problems face masks may create for their users. Whether people should or should not use face masks still remains a question. The general public has to wait patiently for the results of the mask researc

39、h scientists are still doing. （分数：15.00）(1).What is the passage mainly about? （分数：3.00）A.Widespread use of face masks.B.Possibility of a worldwide flu outbreakC.New discoveries of a face mask research.D.Effectiveness of wearing face masks(2).The CDC suggests that people （分数：3.00）A.stay alone when be

40、ing sick.B.wear face masks when going to a crowded place.C.wear face masks wherever possible.D.remain at home if living with someone whos sick.(3).The word “that“ in Paragraph 3 refers to （分数：3.00）A.making preparations.B.avoiding exposureC.coming up with guidelines.D.wearing face masks everywhere.(4

41、).Which of the following statements is true? （分数：3.00）A.Scientists warn the next flu is coming soon.B.Asian bird flu is spreading easily from person to person.C.Masks protect people because they keep viruses away.D.Masks are not effective if a flu strikes.(5).One of the concerns the CDC has is that

42、（分数：3.00）A.masks may give people a wrong assumption of being safe.B.the sick may not wear masks and go out.C.flu virus may spread via public transportation.D.healthy people may not know how to protect themselves.Whats killing the Bats First it was bees. Now it is bats. Biologists in America are work

43、ing hard to discover the cause of the mysterious deaths of tens of thousands of bats in the northeastern part of the country. Most of the bats affected are the common little brown bats (Myotis lucifugus), but other species, such as the long-eared bat, the small-footed hat, the eastern pipistrelle, a

44、nd the Indiana bat have also been affected. In some caves, more than 90 percent of the bat populations have died. One possibility is disease. A white fungus（真菌）known as fusarium has been found on the noses of both living and dead bats. However, scientists dont know If the fungus is the primary cause

45、 of death, a secondary cause of death, or not a cause at all, but the result of some other conditions. Another possible cause is a lack of food. For example, bats typically eat a large number of moths（蛾）, and in some states such as New York, the number of moths has been declining in recent years. If

46、 bats cant eat enough food, they starve to death. Still other scientists believe that global warming is to blame. Warmer temperatures in recent years have been waking up hibernating（冬眠）bats earlier than usual. If bats break their hibernation at the wrong time, they might not find their expected food

47、 sources. The weather might also turn cold again and weaken or kill the bats. Scientists might not agree on the causes of the bat die-off, but they do agree on the consequences. Bats are an important predator of mosquitoes; a single brown bat can eat 1,000 or more insects in an hour. They also eat b

48、eetles and other insects that damage plant crops. If there arent enough bats, damage will be great from the insects they eat While bats live a long time for their sizethe little brown bat can live for more than 30 yearsa female bat has only one baby per year, so bat populations grow slowly. Many bat

49、 species in the United States are already protected or endangered. How can you help? Do not disturb sleeping or nesting bats. If you discover bate that seem to be sick or that are dead, contact your local Fish Wildlife Department with the details. However, be careful not to touch the animals. （分数：15.00）(1).What is the main idea of this passage? （分数：3.00）A.All species of bats in North America are dying.B.Scientists already know the cause of the deaths of batsC.The bat deaths are a serious problem.D.There are many possible causes of the deaths of bats.(