职称英语卫生类B级-23及答案解析.doc

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1、职称英语卫生类 B级-23 及答案解析(总分：100.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、B第 1部分：词汇选项/B(总题数：15，分数：15.00)1.Because noises modulate radio frequency, radio stations use a band of frequencies to prevent interference with other stations.（分数：1.00）A.governB.adaptC.temperD.renovate2.The fact that Chinese characters are associated with id

2、eas, not sound, would make it a fine written international language.（分数：1.00）A.connected withB.involved inC.realized byD.assisted by3.We were relieved to hear that you had arrived safely.（分数：1.00）A.relaxedB.worriedC.releasedD.joyful4.An educationist should understand childrens psychology very well.（

3、分数：1.00）A.mindB.heartC.brainD.physics5.She broke a vessel in anger at a man who came selling things at her door.（分数：1.00）A.shipB.containerC.tubeD.boat6.Governments should rule only with the consent of the governed.（分数：1.00）A.contentB.conquestC.supportD.agreement7.The hands of the clock showed that i

4、t was time for dinner.（分数：1.00）A.pointersB.fingersC.legsD.toes8.He picked a textbook from the bookshelf and then commenced to read.（分数：1.00）A.directedB.commentedC.committedD.began9.A cup of whole milk provides roughly one hundred sixty-six calories of energy.（分数：1.00）A.discreetlyB.approximatelyC.bar

5、elyD.coarsely10.Mary was one of the principal organizers of the Artists Guild.（分数：1.00）A.plannersB.employeesC.actorsD.recipients11.Parents should realize that “example is better than precept.“（分数：1.00）A.instructionB.educationC.imaginationD.morality12.The price of vegetables varies according to the w

6、eather.（分数：1.00）A.changesB.risesC.fallsD.jumps13.Flattery will get you nowhere.（分数：1.00）A.criticismB.screamingsC.sweet wordsD.recitals14.The meat tasted so unpleasant that Jane threw it away in disgust.（分数：1.00）A.with pleasureB.with strong dislikeC.in despairD.in great disappointment15.You possess a

7、ffluence, but it doesnt mean you can have everything in hand.（分数：1.00）A.influenceB.fluentC.wealthD.relationship二、B第 2部分：阅读判断/B(总题数：1，分数：7.00)Cancer develops over a long time, which means that you have yearstypically decadesin which to hinder or promote it. Researchers are finding that what you eat m

8、ay interfere with cancer growth at various stages. For example, certain foods can block the chemicals that initate cancer. Antioxidants(抗氧化剂), found in some vitamins and minerals, can snuff out oxygen free radicls (氧自由基), substances that are thought to make cells more susceptible to cancer, and they

9、 can even repair some of the cellular damage that has been done. And some foodwheat bran(麦,糠) in particularhas been shown to shrink precancerous(癌症前期的) cells. A recent review of 17 studies from 17 nations reveals that people who eat the most fruits and vegetables have about half the cancer raters of

10、 those who eat the least. In fact, some research suggests that frequent consumption of fruits and vegetables can cut the risk of lung cancer even in smokers. One of the most studied antioxidants in vegetables and fruits thought to protect against cancer is beta-carotene( 胡萝卜素), concentrated in deep

11、green, yellow and orange vegetables such as carrots, sweet potatoes and spinach. Research also shows that beta-carotene can change in the body to retinoic acid (维生素 A酸), a substance used in clinical trials to treat certain cancers. Here are some of the foods that contain cancer-fighting chemicals. T

12、omatoes. One of the compounds in tomatoes that is thought to reduce the risk of cancer is lycopene(蕃茄素), the pigment (色素) that makes tomatoes red. Lycopene, an antioxidant that is also found in watermelons and apricots, quenches certain cancer-triggering oxygen free fadicals. Healthy people with the

13、 most blood lycopene. Green Vegetables. A recent Italian study showed that dark-green leafy vegetables lower the risk of many cancer. Spinach, broccoli, kale and dark-green lettuces are chock-full of antioxidants, including beta-carotene, folate(叶酸) and lutein(叶黄素).A good rule of thumb(单凭经验的做法) : th

14、e darker the vegetable, the more antioxidants within. Pungent preventives(刺激性的预防物). A whole host of chemicals thought to have cancer-inhibiting properties have been identified in allium vegetables, which include garlic, onions and scallions(大葱). Animal studies show that many of these chemicals block

15、 carcinogens that have been linked to colon, stomach, lung and liver cancer. A study at Pennsylvania State University found that feeding rats various garlic extracts and preparations(配制好的食物) reduced mammary tumors by as much as 71 percent. In humans, studies suggest that those who eat more onions an

16、d garlic are less prone to gastrointestinal cancer. Research suggests that garlic compounds may even interfere with cancer progression. A recent German study found that ajoene, a garlic compound, is toxic to malignant cells. Garlic may also antagonize existing cancer by boosting(促进) immune functions

17、, according to researchers at Loma Linda University School of Medicine. Their study, done on mice, found that garlics sulfur compounds increased the activity of macrophages and T-lymphocytes(淋巴细胞), two of the components of the immune system that destroy tumor ceils. （分数：7.00）(1).Recent research indi

18、cated that what people eat may help to significantly reduce their risk of developing cancer.（分数：1.00）A.A. Right B.B. Wrong C.C. Not mentioned(2).Citrus fruit may be particularly effective in reducing the risk of pancreatic cancer.（分数：1.00）A.A. Right B.B. Wrong C.C. Not mentioned(3).People who eat th

19、e most fruits and vegetables have less than half the cancer rates of those who eat the least.（分数：1.00）A.A. Right B.B. Wrong C.C. Not mentioned(4).Beta-carotene is one of the most studied antioxidants that are thought to protect against cancer.（分数：1.00）A.A. Right B.B. Wrong C.C. Not mentioned(5).Soyb

20、eans contain at least five compounds believed to inhibit cancer.（分数：1.00）A.A. Right B.B. Wrong C.C. Not mentioned(6).Green vegetables contain such antioxidants as beta-carotene, folate and lutein.（分数：1.00）A.A. Right B.B. Wrong C.C. Not mentioned(7).Although garlic compounds may reduce the risk of de

21、veloping cancer, they have no effect on cancer that already exists.（分数：1.00）A.A. Right B.B. Wrong C.C. Not mentioned三、B第 3部分：概括大意与完成句子(总题数：1，分数：8.00)Leukemia is a kind of cancer in which abnormal white blood cells grow in an uncontrolled manner. These abnormal cells interfere with the production of

22、normal white blood cells, which fight infection. Leukemia is a disease of the bone marrow and other blood-forming organs. Consequently, leukemia also affects the production of red blood cells, which carry oxygen from the lungs throughout the body, and platelets, blood cells that help stop bleeding.

23、Signs of leukemia include repeated infection, anemia, and frequent bleeding. 2. The cause of most human leukemia is unknown. Researchers have discovered a leukemia virus in cats, and they have identified a virus that appears to cause a rare type of leukemia in people. Other possible causes include e

24、xposure to radiation and harmful chemicals. 3. Doctors classify leukemia according to the type of white blood cell affected. Two of the main blood cell types affected by. leukemia are myeloid and lymphoid. Myeloid cells fight bacterial infections. Lymphoid cells detect and respond to the presence of

25、 foreign substances in the body. All kinds of leukemia can be either acute of chronic. 4. Acute leukemias often develop suddenly. Abnormal, immature white blood cells multiply rapidly, and the number of normal cells decreases sharply. Acute myeloid leukemia most often occurs among adults. The treatm

26、ent for this leukemia is chemotherapy, the use of chemicals that are more toxic to cancer cells than to normal cells. Seventy percent of patients enter remission. During remission, the blood cells and the bone marrow temporarily return to normal. Researchers are trying to develop methods of prolongi

27、ng remission in acute myeloid leukemia patients. The treatment of acute leukemias is intensive and may endanger the patients life. The use of powerful antibiotics and of blood transfusions has increased the chances of surviving the intensive therapy. 5. Chronic leukemias develop more slowly than acu

28、te leukemias. In chronic leukemias, the abnormal white blood cells appear mature, and they resemble normal white blood cells. In the early stages of the disease, these abnormal cells even function normally to some extent. Chronic lymphocytic leukemia is the most common leukemia among adults. The ave

29、rage age of people suffering from this disease is the early 70s. The disease may take as long as 10 years to develop completely. Chronic myeloid leukemia is a less common form of leukemia that occurs primarily among adults. Doctors generally use drugs to treat chronic leukemia patients.（分数：8.00）填空项

30、1:_(2).Paragraph 3 _.（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_(3).Paragraph 4 _.（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_(4).Paragraph 5 _.（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_填空项 1:_(6).These abnormal cells interferes with the production of_.（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_(7).As chemotherapy is intensive and may endanger_.（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_(8).The most common Leukemia that occurs amon

31、g adults is_.（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_四、B第 4部分：阅读理解/B(总题数：3，分数：45.00)B第一篇/BCountless people are born with(生来就具有某种特点)the susceptibility to inherit a genetic disease. But scientific progress, especially the art of interfering with(干涉,阻碍) the genetic makeup of the human body, has helped doctors prevent more and

32、 more inherited disorders in the last decade. Dr. Thomas Caskey of the Baylor University College of medicine in Houston, Texas, is a pioneer in molecular biology(分子生物学). Through the techniques of genetic engineering(基因工程), he transfers genes from one organism to another. Caskey uses a certain type o

33、f virus, called a retrovirus(逆转录病毒), as the vehicle for the gene transfer. He first cripples the virus by removing the portion it needs to reproduce itself. The crippled virus becomes harmless while still being able to deliver a cargo to its destination. The cargo in Caskeys experiment is the human

34、A-D-A gene, taken from bone marrow. A-D-A stands for(代表) adenosine deaminase(腺苷脱氨酶), an important component of the human immune system. A defect in the A-D-A gene leads to immune deficiency, rendering(致使) the body defenseless against infections. Caskeys purpose was to see if the human A-D-A gene cou

35、ld repair the defective immune system of a mouse. In the experiment the mouse was given a dose of radiation heavy enough to destroy its immune system. The animal next was injected with the crippled virus carrying the human A-D-A gene. According to Caskey, “the mouse will die within 10 to 14 days unl

36、ess a successful transfer of bone marrow cells takes place. So we lethally irradiate and subsequently rescue the mouse by bone marrow transplantation(骨髓移植)with the cells that have been infected with the virus.“ The mouse now carries the human gene that salvaged its immune system. Bone marrow transpl

37、antation has an established place in contemporary medical practice. Employed to restore the immune system of certain cancer patients and of people who have been exposed to radiation, bone marrow transplantation works only if there is a good match between donor and recipient. The procedure would be m

38、uch easier if bone marrow were like blood. People with type O blood are universal donors(万能供体). Their blood may be transfused to those who have different blood types. Unfortunately, there is no such thing as a universal bone-marrow type. Researchers may have found a way, however, to overcome this pr

39、oblem. The solution, if it works, would be to implant the patient with his own, perfectly matching(型配), bone marrow. The idea, as Caskey explains it, is to “correct the patients disease with his own ceils, but those cells have added to them a normally functioning gene. “In other words, surgeons woul

40、d take defective bone-marrow cells from the patient and put them into a laboratory dish where the cells would be exposed to a crippled virus carrying a healthy AD-A gene from a donor. The A-D-A gene would repair the defective cells and then the cells would be reinjected into the patient. Thus, in Ca

41、skey words, “the patient would be transplanted by his own ceils containing the added normal gene.“ The technique sounds deceptively(靠不住地) simple. In reality, though(可是,不过, 然而), it is complex. A number of laboratories have tested various intermediate steps of the process, but, according to Caskey, “n

42、o single laboratory has put together the entire technology successfully, and highly reproducibly, to proceed with a gene transfer at-tempt in man.“ For some time now, the U.S. National Institute of Health has been taking a close look at(仔细,研究) the effectiveness and safety of the procedure, as well a

43、s the ethical questions it raises. There doesnt seem to be much concern about the ethics of gene transfer into a human being to correct a genetic defect. Dr. W. French Anderson of N. I. H. wrote recently that “claims that new organs, designed personalities, master races, or Frankenstein(佛兰肯思泰因，一个创造怪

44、物而自己被它毁灭的医学研究者，英国女作家 Mary W.Shelly同名小说中的主角) monsters will be created can be given no credence in the light of(根据,从来看) what is presently known. “And he added that a well-informed public is the best assurance against any future misuses of genetic engineering. （分数：15.00）(1).What is it that people can N

45、OT do through the techniques of genetic engineering?（分数：3.00）A.save livesB.transfer genesC.correct a genetic defectD.create a new organ(2).Where is the A-D-A gene taken from in Caskeys experiment?（分数：3.00）A.human bloodB.human bone marrowC.mouse bloodD.mouse bone marrow(3).What is the most important

46、condition when bone marrow transplantation is used to restore the immune system of certain patients?（分数：3.00）A.a good match between donor and recipientB.the freshness of the bone marrowC.enough quantity of the bone marrowD.a universal bone-marrow type(4).Which type blood is universal donor?（分数：3.00）

47、A.type AB.type BC.type OD.type AB(5).What technique is needed to repair the defective cells with A-D-A gene?（分数：3.00）A.genetic engineeringB.marrow transplantationC.radiological techniqueD.cell biologyB第二篇/BBetween now(June) and Labor Day, millions of American will offer up their bodies to the suns r

48、ays. A tan indicates health and beauty, and most sun worshippers will sacrifice a lot to achieve itincluding themselves. With each hour, the suns ultraviolet radiation produces irreversible damage, hastening the development of unsightly wrinkles. And with each year on the beach or rooftop, the sunba

49、ther increases his risk of getting skin cancer. Skin cancer is by far the most common form of cancer. An estimated 400000 new cases will be detected this year in the United States, and almost all of them can be blamed on overexposure to the sun. Fortunately, most of these cancers are highly curable. But they can be disfiguring and take time to treat. For that reas