雅思阅读十大领域之生物篇及答案解析.doc

《雅思阅读十大领域之生物篇及答案解析.doc》由会员分享，可在线阅读，更多相关《雅思阅读十大领域之生物篇及答案解析.doc（26页珍藏版）》请在麦多课文档分享上搜索。

1、雅思阅读十大领域之生物篇及答案解析(总分：100.04，做题时间：90 分钟)一、Part English-Chine(总题数：15，分数：15.00)1.a delicate balance（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_2.overtake（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_3.domestic cat（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_4.experimental measurement（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_5.theoretical prediction（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_6.resilience（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_7.organ system（分数：1.00

2、）填空项 1:_8.circulatory system（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_9.photosynthesis rate（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_10.carbon dioxide（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_11.spectacular（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_12.blood supply（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_13.annual mating cycle（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_14.derive from（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_15.make further inroads into（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_二、BPart essay

3、 qu(总题数：10，分数：20.00)16.Read the first two paragraphs and try to find out how cats lap.（分数：2.00）_17.According to the passage, try to use two terms to describe cats lapping.（分数：2.00）_18.According to the words of Aristoff, try to find out which three fields of knowledge they use to understand cats lapp

4、ing.（分数：2.00）_19.According to the passage, what are the three properties of vein networks?（分数：2.00）_20.Try to find out why the writer describe vein network as the important organ system.（分数：2.00）_21.Read the last few paragraphs and try to find out how relationships among plant leaf functions impact

5、global carbon levels.（分数：2.00）_22.Read the last paragraph and figure out the role of Blonders model.（分数：2.00）_23.What is Charles Darwin famous for?（分数：2.00）_24.How many varieties do boobies have and what are they?（分数：2.00）_25.Where do boobies nest?（分数：2.00）_三、Part Actual Test(总题数：3，分数：65.00)You shou

6、ld spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1-13, which are based on Reading Passage 1 below.Cats Show Perfect Balance Even in Their LappingIt was known that when cats lap, they extend their tongues straight down towards the bowl with the tip of the tongue curled backwards like a capital J to form a ladl

7、e, so that the top surface of the tongue actually touches the liquid first. We know this because another MIT engineer, Dr. Edgerton, who first used strobe lights in photography to stop action, filmed a domestic cat lapping milk in 1940. But recent high-speed videos made by this team clearly revealed

8、 that the top surface of the cats tongue is the only surface to touch the liquid. Cats, unlike dogs, arent dipping their tongues into the liquid like ladles after all. Instead, the cats lapping mechanism is far more subtle and elegant. The smooth tip of the tongue barely brushes the surface of the l

9、iquid before the cat rapidly draws its tongue back up. As it does so, a column of milk forms between the moving tongue and the liquids surface. The cat then closes its mouth, pinching off the top of the column for a nice drink, while keeping its chin dry.The liquid column is created by a delicate ba

10、lance between gravity, which pulls the liquid back to the bowl, and inertia, which in physics, refers to the tendency of the liquid or any matter, to continue moving in a direction unless another force interferes. The cat instinctively knows just how quickly to lap in order to balance these two forc

11、es, and just when to close its mouth. If it waits another fraction of a second, the force of gravity will overtake inertia, causing the column to break, the liquid to fall back into the bowl, and the cats tongue to come up empty.While the domestic cat averages about four laps per second, with each l

12、ap bringing in about 0.1 millilitres of liquid, the big cats, such as tigers, know to slow down. They naturally lap more slowly to maintain the balance of gravity and inertia.Roman Stocker of MITs Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering (CEE), Pedro Reis of CEE and the Department of Mechan

13、ical Engineering, Sunghwan Jung of Virginia Tech and Jeffrey Aristoff of Princeton used observational data gathered from high-speed digital videos of domestic cats, including Stockers family cat, and a range of big cats (a tiger, a lion and a jaguar) from the Boston-area zoos, thanks to a collaborat

14、ion with Zoo New Englands mammal curator John Piazza and assistant curator Pearl Yusuf. And, in what could be a first for a paper published in Science, the researchers also gathered additional data by analysing existing YouT videos of big cats lapping.With these videos slowed way down, the researche

15、rs established the speed of the tongues movement and the frequency of lapping. Knowing the size and speed of the tongue, the researchers then developed a mathematical model involving the Froude number, a dimensionless number that characterises the ratio between gravity and inertia. For cats of all s

16、izes, that number is almost exactly one, indicating a perfect balance.To better understand the subtle dynamics of lapping, they also created a robotic version of a cats tongue that moves up and down over a dish of water, enabling the researchers to systematically explore different aspects of lapping

17、, and ultimately, to identify the mechanism underpinning it. The amount of liquid available for the cat to capture each time it closes its mouth depends on the size and speed of the tongue. Our researchthe experimental measurements and theoretical predictionssuggests that the cat chooses the speed i

18、n order to maximise the amount of liquid ingested per lap, said Aristoff, a mathematician who studies liquid surfaces. This suggests that cats are smarter than many people think, at least when it comes to hydrodynamics.Aristoff said the team benefited from the diverse scientific backgrounds of its m

19、embers: engineering, physics and mathematics. In the beginning of the project, we werent fully confident that fluid mechanics played a role in cats drinking. But as the project went on, we were surprised and amused by the beauty of the fluid mechanics involved in this system, said Jung, an engineer

20、whose research focuses on soft bodies, like fish, and the fluids surrounding them.The work began three-and-a-half years ago when Stocker, who studies the fluid mechanics of the movements of ocean microbes, was watching his cat lap milk. That cat, eight-year-old CuttaCutta, stars in the researchers b

21、est videos and still pictures. And like all movie stars (CuttaCutta means stars stars in an Australian aboriginal language), he likes being waited on. With their cameras trained on CuttaCuttas bowl, Stocker and Reis said they spent hours at the Stocker home waiting on CuttaCutta.to drink. But the wa

22、it didnt dampen their enthusiasm for the project, which very appropriately originated from a sense of curiosity.Science allows us to look at natural processes with a different eye and to understand how things work, even if thats figuring out how my cat laps his breakfast, Stocker said. Its a job, bu

23、t also a passion, and this project for me was a high point in teamwork and creativity. We did it without any funding, without any graduate students, without much of the usual apparatus that science is done with nowadays.Our process in this work was typical, archetypal really, of any new scientific s

24、tudy of a natural phenomenon. You begin with an observation and a broad question, “How does the cat drink?“ and then try to answer it through careful experimentation and mathematical modeling, said Reis, a physicist who works on the mechanics of soft solids. To us, this study provides further confir

25、mation of how exciting it is to explore the scientific unknown, especially when this unknown is something thats part of our everyday experiences.Science Daily（分数：13.00）(1).Answer the questions below.Choose NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS from Reading Passage 1 for each answer.Write your answers in boxes on

26、 your answer sheet.Which two of the physical factors do cats use when they lap milk?（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_(2).How much does a domestic cat get back to its mouth when it laps liquid, like milk?（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_(3).Where did researchers find out sources in the research that may publish first paper in Science

27、?（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_(4).What is the name of the ratio between gravity and inertia?（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_(5).In which aspect are cats smarter?（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_(6).Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 1? In boxes on your answer sheet, write TRUE if the statement agrees

28、 with the information FALSE if the statement contradicts the information NOT GIVEN if there is no information on this When cats lap, they curl the tongue like a J so that the top surface of the tongue becomes the only part touching the water.（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_(7).Cats lapping way is more perceptive an

29、d elegant than dogs.（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_(8).Inertia leads the water column back to the bowl regardless of the disruption of other forces.（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_(9).The bigger the cats are, the more slowly they lap the liquid.（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_(10).Complete the sentences below.Choose NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS from

30、 Reading Passage 1 for each answer.Write your answers in boxes 10-13 on your answer sheet.Inertia is a norm in physics that is related to the _ of an object.（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_(11).Researchers create a _ of cats for better study of cats lapping.（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_(12).The _ of cats tongue is to ensure the

31、 maximum amount of water they lap.（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_(13).At first, there is some uncertainty of _, which finally becomes the surprise of the researchers.（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_Lifeblood of LeavesLeaves have very different networks of veins. They have different shapes, different sizes, different thicknesses,

32、said Benjamin Blonder, a doctoral student in the department of ecology and evolutionary biology. The really interesting question is how a leaf with a certain form produces a certain function.Blonder developed a mathematical model to predict the functions of leaves based on three properties of the ve

33、in network: density, distance between veins and number of loops.Vein density reflects how much energy and resources the leaf has invested in the network, while distance between veins shows how well the veins are supplying resources to the leaf. The number of loops is a measure of the leafs resilienc

34、e and plays a role in determining its lifespan. If the veins reconnect often and part of the leaf becomes damaged, resources can be circulated through different pathways.Its like in a city where theres a roadblock somewhere, said Blonder. If the city was designed well, you can still take another roa

35、d to get to where you want to be. The vein network inside of a leaf is like most of the important organ systems in a person, Blonder said. Its like the skeleton because it holds the whole leaf up and lets it capture sunlight and not get blown over in a windstorm. Its like the circulatory system beca

36、use its distributing water from the roots up to all the cells within the leaf, and its also bringing resources from the leaf back to the rest of the plant after photosynthesis has happened. Its also like a nervous system because there are chemical signals that are transmitted to the leaves from othe

37、r parts of the plant through the liquid in the veins, he said. This is important for the function of the leaf because when this one structure is implicated in so many different patterns, clearly therere going to be tradeoffs between being able to do all of these different functions well, said Blonde

38、r. For example, a leaf with a very loopy network of veins might live longer, but it will also cost a lot of carbon, which plants absorb from carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, to develop that vein network. Blonders model successfully predicted relationships among photosynthetic rate, lifespan, carbon

39、 cost and nitrogen cost for more than 2,500 species worldwide.To find out, the team tested leaves from 25 plant species on the UA campus. While initial results appear to show that the model will work, the team hasnt tested enough samples to know if it successfully predicts relationships in leaf func

40、tion on a case-specific basis. More extensive studies will include leaves from species at the Rocky Mountain Biological Laboratory in Colorado.If its successful, we hopefully have a really satisfying way of understanding why leaves look different in different environmentsalso a useful way of underst

41、anding how leaves are functioning in different environments that can be used for climate modeling or for reconstructing past climates from fossils of leaves, said Blonder.So how do relationships among plant leaf functions impact global carbon levels? Carbon can only get into leaves through little po

42、res on the leaf surface, and when carbon comes in, which is something good for the plant, water also comes out, said Blonder. Theres this incredibly tricky tradeoff for all plants where they need to gain carbon to make energy, but to gain that carbon they lose a lot of water in the process. So if yo

43、u want to gain more carbon, you have to lose more water.Plants with denser vein networksveins that are closer togetherare able to withstand higher levels of water loss and absorb more carbon. Unfortunately, that doesnt mean you should plant trees with dense leaf vein networks if you want to save the

44、 planet.It becomes a little bit more difficult to scale up beyond there because a plant is not only just its leaves: Its also the trunk and the roots and so on, said Blonder. The important thing to think about is that other parts of the plant are going to be contributing to the carbon cycle also in

45、terms of decomposition or other large-scale environmental effects.Carbon flux from plants is critical to understanding global change and the global carbon cycle, said Blonder. What were hoping to be able to do is understand the leaf side of the picture, but theres clearly a lot more to plants and the envi