雅思阅读十大领域之医学篇及答案解析.doc

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1、雅思阅读十大领域之医学篇及答案解析(总分：99.98，做题时间：90 分钟)一、BPart Matching(总题数：3，分数：17.00)a. fatalb. maintainc. suppositiond. eradicatee. handle（分数：5.00）(1).assumption（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_(2).lethal（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_(3).eliminate（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_(4).tackle（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_(5).sustain（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_a. famouslyb. controlledc. do

2、ubtfuld. elemente. core（分数：5.00）(1).captive（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_(2).pith（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_(3).notoriously（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_(4).dubious（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_(5).ingredient（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_a. persuadeb. insufficientc. spontaneous urged. ignoree. compassionatef. collectg. cause（分数：7.00）(1).sympathetic（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_(

3、2).convince（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_(3).neglect（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_(4).scant（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_(5).impulse（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_(6).induce（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_(7).accumulate（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_二、BPart true or (总题数：3，分数：3.00)1.A large amount of money has been invested in dealing with malaria in the world.（分数：1.00）A.正确B.错误2.Almost

4、all of the people died of malaria are infants.（分数：1.00）A.正确B.错误3.The mortality rate of children caused by malaria in Africa is higher than people thought.（分数：1.00）A.正确B.错误三、BPart essay qu(总题数：6，分数：12.00)4.What did Dr. Engel say at the Edinburgh Science Festival?（分数：2.00）_5.Why do animals have the be

5、haviour named geophagy?（分数：2.00）_6.What have people learned from animals about self-medication?（分数：2.00）_7.According to Paragraph A, what do doctors do when they want to use placebo effect?（分数：2.00）_8.How do peoples state of mind influence their physiology?（分数：2.00）_9.What did the London rheumatolog

6、ist find about how to trigger the placebo effect?（分数：2.00）_四、Part Actual Test(总题数：3，分数：68.00)You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1-13, which are based on Reading Passage 1 below.Malaria Kills Twice as Many People as Previously ThoughtMalaria kills twice as many people every year as former

7、ly believed, taking 1.2 million lives and causing the deaths not only of babies but also older children and adults, according to the research that overturns decades of assumptions about one of the worlds most lethal diseases. The research comes from the highly respected Institute for Health Metrics

8、and Evaluation (IHME), and is published in the Lancet medical journal. It has reanalysed 30 years of data on the disease using new techniques and will force a rethink of the huge global effort that has been under way to eliminate malaria. That ambition now looks highly unlikely by the UN target date

9、 of 2015.It also raises urgent questions about the future of the troubled global fund to fight Aids, TB and Malaria, which has provided the money for most of the tools to combat the disease in Africa, such as insecticide-impregnated bed nets and new drugs. The fund is in financial crisis and has had

10、 to cancel its next grant-making round.Dr. Christopher Murray and colleagues have systematically collected data on deaths from all over the world over a 30-year period, from 1980 to 2010, using new methodologies and inventive ways of measuring mortality in countries where deaths are not conventional

11、ly recorded. The work on malaria is part of a much bigger project which has already led to new estimates of the death rates of women in childbirth and pregnancy and from breast and cervical cancer. Their figure of 1.2 million deaths for 2010 is nearly double the 655,000 estimated in last years World

12、 Malaria Report.The good news is that they have confirmed the downward trend that the World Health Organisations report showed, as a result of efforts by donors, aid organisations and governments to tackle the disease. The bad news is that the decline comes from a much higher peakdeaths hit 1.8 mill

13、ion in 2004, they say. That means the interventions such as better treatment and bed nets are working, but there is much further to go than everybody had assumed.You learn in medical school that people exposed to malaria as children develop immunity and rarely die from malaria as adults, said Murray

14、, IHME director and the studys lead author. What we have found in hospital records, death records, surveys and other sources shows that just is not the case. Most deaths are still in children, but a fifth are among those aged 15 to 49, 9% are among 50- to 69-year-olds and 6% are in people over 70, s

15、o a third of all deaths are in adults. In countries outside sub-Saharan Africa, more than 40% of deaths were in adults.In Africa, though, the contribution of malaria to childrens deaths is higher than had been thought, causing 24% of their deaths in 2008 and not 16% as found by a report by Black and

16、 colleagues, whose methodology was used in the World Malaria Report.That means that malaria needs a higher priority if the millennium development goal of cutting child mortality by two-thirds between 1990 and 2015 is to be achieved, say the authors. They add: That malaria is a previously unrecognise

17、d driver of adult mortality also means that the benefits and cost-effectiveness of malaria control, elimination and eradication are likely to have been underestimated.There is a need, they say, to pay attention to the risks malaria poses to adults and they support the recent strategy to hand out ins

18、ecticide-impregnated bed nets to protect all members of the household against mosquitoes carrying malaria parasites, instead of insisting they are only for babies and pregnant women, as was originally the case.Malaria deaths have come down by 32% from 1.8 million in 2004 to 1.2 million in 2010 becau

19、se of the sustained effort to get bed nets into homes, indoor spraying and new artemisinin combination drugsolder anti-malarials do not work in many areas because the parasite has developed resistance to them. More than two-thirds of this has been paid for by the Geneva-based global fund, which has

20、suffered from donors unwillingness to invest more money.Professor Rifat Atun, director of strategy, performance and evaluation at the fund, said more than $2.5bn (1.6bn) had been disbursed for malaria control between 2009 and 2011. By the end of 2011, 235m bed nets had been distributed. Money that h

21、ad been pledged was still coming in, he said, which meant it would be able to invest substantially this year and next. What we are not able to achieve is the rate of increase in investment of the last few years. The trajectory we have been able to establish will not be realised, he said. Given the n

22、ew burden that Christopher Murray has been able to show, we really need to ramp up investments in malaria and that really needs more funding. The mortality figures are much, much larger. We need to double our efforts to address the burden that we have. The Department for International Development sa

23、id: We are committed to helping halve malaria deaths in at least 10 of the worst affected countries. We will do this by increasing the number of bed nets used by women and children; improving the diagnosis and treatment of malarial; and strengthening health information systems to better monitor prog

24、ress and target interventions.Guardian（分数：13.00）(1).Complete the summary below.Choose NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS from Reading Passage 1 for each answer.Write your answers in boxes on your answer sheet.Malaria, as the one of the U U 1 /U /Udiseases tends to kill both U U 2 /U /Uand U U 3 /U /Ubesides l

25、ittle babies. In order to eliminate malaria, the research of IHME use U U 4 /U /Uand now it seems that its target is almost impossible to achieve. IHME also reminds people of the problems of U U 5 /U /Uto fight Aids, TB and Malaria. In fact, a considerable amount of money has been provided for the t

26、echnology used to deal with these diseases, such as U U 6 /U /Uand U U 7 /U /U. Nevertheless, more money is needed.（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_(8).Look at the following statements and the list of people (organisation) below.Match each statement with the correct people (

27、organisation), A-D.Write the correct letter, A-D, in boxes on your answer sheet.NB You may use any letter more than once.List of People (Organisation)A Dr. Christopher MurrayB Black and colleaguesC Professor Rifat AtunD The Department for International DevelopmentThe knowledge students learn from me

28、dical schools is far from reality.（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_(9).Despite substantial funding provided these years, more money is needed to control malaria.（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_(10).The scheme that can estimate the death rates of pregnant women has already been carried out.（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_(11).The death rates of chi

29、ldren caused by malaria in Africa is much higher than had been thought.（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_(12).Many actions will be taken to reduce malaria deaths in at least 10 countries.（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_(13).The effective practice is not to hand out bed nets only to babies and women but to all households.（分数：1.00）填空项

30、 1:_Health in the Wild: Animal DoctorsMany animals seem able to treat their illnesses themselves. Humans may have a thing or two to learn from them.For the past decade Dr. Engel, a lecturer in environmental sciences at Britains Open University, has been collating examples of self-medicating behaviou

31、r in wild animals. She recently published a book on the subject. In a talk at the Edinburgh Science Festival earlier this month, she explained that the idea that animals can treat themselves has been regarded with some skepticism by her colleagues in the past. But a growing number of animal behaviou

32、rists now think that wild animals can and do deal with their own medical needs.William Karesh, of the Wildlife Conservation Society, in New York, for example, has studied the health of a wide range of wild animals, including anaconda snakes, macaws, penguins, guanacos (South American beasts related

33、to camels), impala and buffalo. The animals were mostly in good physical condition, which is not surprising, since the weak quickly go to the wall in the wild. But blood tests showed that many had encountered nasty viral and bacterial diseases in the pastincluding diseases that are often fatal in ca

34、ptive animals, even when treated by vets. Moreover, if healthy wild animals are brought into captivity, their health often deteriorates unless great care is taken over their living conditions. Such observations suggest that wild animals can do something to keep themselves healthy that captive animal

35、s cannot.Hearty animalsOne example of self-medication was discovered in 1987. Michael Huffman and Mohamedi Seifu, working in the Mahale Mountains National Park in Tanzania, noticed that local chimpanzees suffering from intestinal worms would dose themselves with the pith of a plant called Veronia. T

36、his plant produces poisonous chemicals called terpenes. Its pith contains a strong enough concentration to kill gut parasites, but not so strong as to kill chimps (nor people, for that matter; locals use the pith for the same purpose). Given that the plant is known locally as goat-killer, however, i

37、t seems that not all animals are as smart as chimps and humans. Some consume it indiscriminately, and succumb.Since the Veroniaeating chimps were discovered, more evidence has emerged suggesting that animals often eat things for medical rather than nutritional reasons. Many species, for example, con

38、sume dirta behaviour known as geophagy. Historically, the preferred explanation was that soil supplies minerals such as salt. But geophagy occurs in areas where the earth is not a useful source of minerals, and also in places where minerals can be more easily obtained from certain plants that are kn

39、own to be rich in them. Clearly, the animals must be getting something else out of eating earth.The current belief is that soiland particularly the clay in ithelps to detoxify the defensive poisons that some plants produce in an attempt to prevent themselves from being eaten. Evidence for the detoxi

40、fying nature of clay came in 1999, from an experiment carried out on macaws by James Gilardi and his colleagues at the University of California, Davis.Macaws eat seeds containing alkaloids, a group of chemicals that has some notoriously toxic members, such as strychnine. In the wild, the birds are f

41、requently seen perched on eroding riverbanks eating clay. Dr. Gilardi fed one group of macaws a mixture of a harmless alkaloid and clay, and a second group just the alkaloid. Several hours later, the macaws that had eaten the clay had 60% less alkaloid in their bloodstreams than those that had not,

42、suggesting that the hypothesis is correct.Rough and readyA third instance of animal self-medication is the use of mechanical scours to get rid of gut parasites. In 1972 Richard Wrangham, a researcher at the Gombe Stream Reserve in Tanzania, noticed that chimpanzees were eating the leaves of a tree c

43、alled Aspilia. The chimps chose the leaves carefully by testing them in their mouths. Having chosen a leaf, a chimp would fold it into a fan and swallow it. Some of the chimps were noticed wrinkling their noses as they swallowed these leaves, suggesting the experience was unpleasant. Later, undigest

44、ed leaves were found on the forest floor.Dr. Wrangham rightly guessed that the leaves had a medicinal purposethis was, indeed, one of the earliest interpretations of a behaviour pattern as self-medication. However, he guessed wrong about what the mechanism was. His (and everybody elses) assumption w

45、as that Aspilia contained a drug, and this sparked more than two decades of phytochemical research to try to find out what chemical the chimps were after. But by the 1990s, chimps across Africa had been seen swallowing the leaves of 19 different species that seemed to have few suitable chemicals in common. The drug hypothesis was looking more and more dubious.It was Dr. Huffman who got to the bottom of the problem in 1999. He did so by watching what came out of the chimps, rather than concentrating on what went in. He found that the egested leaves were full of intestinal worms. The fa