阅读理解-练习八及答案解析.doc

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1、阅读理解-练习八及答案解析(总分：40.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、Test 1(总题数：0，分数：0.00)二、TEXT A(总题数：1，分数：5.00)Here is an experiment you dont want to try at home.Show a toy-a doll, say, or a model boat-to a toddler and explain that its something special youve had since you were little. Ask the child to be “very careful“ with it.

2、Hand over the toy, which appears to be in fine condition, except that youve secretly rigged it to break spectacularly as soon as the child handles it.When your precious toy falls apart, you can express regret by mildly saying, “Oh, my.“ Then sit still and observe the child.The point is not to perman

3、ently traumatize anyone the researchers who performed this experiment quickly followed it with a ritual absolving the child of blame. But first, for 60 seconds after the toy broke, the psychologists recorded every reaction as the toddlers squirmed, avoided the experimenters gaze, hunched their shoul

4、ders, hugged themselves and covered their faces with their hands.It was part of a long-term study at the University of Iowa to isolate the effects of two distinct mechanisms that help children become considerate, conscientious adults. One mechanism, measured in other experiments testing toddlers abi

5、lity to resist temptations, is called effortful self-control-how well you can think ahead and deliberately suppress impulsive behavior that hurts yourself and others.The other mechanism is less rational and is especially valuable for children and adults with poor self-control. Its the feeling measur

6、ed in that broken-toy experiment, guilt, or what children diagnose as a “sinking feeling in the tummy “Guilt in its many varieties-Puritan, Catholic, Jewish, etc.-has often gotten a bad rap, but psychologists keep finding evidence of its usefulness. Too little guilt clearly has a downside-most obvio

7、usly in sociopaths who feel no remorse, but also in kindergartners who smack other children and snatch their toys. Children typically start to feel guilt in their second year of life, says Grazyna Kochanska, who has been tracking childrens development for two decades in her laboratory at the Univers

8、ity of Iowa. Some childrens temperament makes them prone to guilt, she said, and some become more guilt-prone thanks to parents and other early influences.“Children respond with acute and intense tension and negative emotions when they are tempted to misbehave, or even anticipate violating norms and

9、 rules,“ Dr. Kochanska said. “They remember, often subconsciously, how awful they have felt in the past.“In Dr. Kochanskas latest studies, published in the August issue of The Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, she and colleagues found that 2-year-olds who showed more chagrin during the b

10、roken-toy experiment went on to have fewer behavioral problems over the next five years. That was true even for the ones who scored low on tests measuring their ability to focus on tasks and suppress strong desires to act impulsively.“If you have high guilt,“ Dr. Kochanska said, “its such a rapid re

11、sponse system, and the sensation is so incredibly unpleasant, that effortful control doesnt much matter.“But self-control was critical to children in the studies who were low in guilt, because they still behaved well if they had high self-control.“Even if you dont have that sinking feeling in the tu

12、mmy, you can still suppress impulses,“ Dr. Kochanska said. “You can stop and remember what your parents told you. You can stop and reflect on the consequences for others and yourself./（分数：5.00）(1).“Traumatize“ in the fourth paragraph means _.（分数：1.00）A.to testB.to hurtC.to kidD.to set up(2).What is

13、the purpose of the toy-broken experiment?（分数：1.00）A.To test childrens effortful self-control.B.To test childrens feeling of guilt.C.To test childrens effortful self-control and feeling of guilt.D.None of the abov(3).Which of the following is NOT true about “guilt“?（分数：1.00）A.It helps children become

14、 considerate, conscientious adults.B.It is diagnosed by children as “a sinking feeling in tummy“.C.Children are born with the sense of guilt.D.The feeling of guilt can influence childrens behavior.(4).According to the passage, if a child behaves badly, the reason could be that（分数：1.00）A.he is not go

15、od enoughB.he has no self-controlC.he is low in guilt and has no self-controlD.he doesnt have the sinking feeling in the tummy(5).What is the best title for this passage?（分数：1.00）A.The Toy-broken Experiment.B.Two Distinct Mechanisms for Children.C.Why Feeling Guilty Is Important?D.Guilt and Self-con

16、trol on the Path to Adulthoo三、TEXT B(总题数：1，分数：5.00)Salvador Dalis politics played a significant role in his emergence as an artist. He has sometimes been portrayed as a supporter of the authoritarian (独裁的) Franco. On Dalis personality, George Orwell wrote in an essay that “One ought to be able to ho

17、ld in ones head simultaneously the two facts that Dali is a good draughtsman and a disgusting human being. The one does not invalidate or, in a sense, affect the other.“In his youth, Dati embraced for a time both anarchism and communism. His writings account various anecdotes of making radical polit

18、ical statements more to shock listeners than from any deep conviction, which was in keeping with Dalis allegiance to the Dada movement. As he grew older his political allegiances changed, especially as the Surrealist (超现实主义者) movement went through transformations under the leadership of Trotskyist A

19、ndr Breton, who is said to have called Dal in for questioning on his politics. In his 1970 book Dal by Dal, Dal was declaring himself an anarchist and monarchist, giving rise to speculations of Anarcho-Monarchism.With the outbreak of the Spanish Civil War, Dali fled from fighting and refused to alig

20、n himself with any group. Likewise, after World War , George Orwell criticized Dali for “scuttling off like a rat as soon as France is in danger“ after Dali prospered there for years: “When the European War approaches he has one preoccupation only: how to find a place which has good cookery and from

21、 which he can make a quick bolt if danger comes too near.“ After his return to Catalonia after World War , Dali became closer to the Franco regime. Some of Dalis statements supported the Franco regime, congratulating Franco for his actions aimed “at clearing Spain of destructive forces.“ Dali, havin

22、g returned to the Catholic faith and becoming increasingly religious as time went on, may have been referring to the Communists, Socialists, and anarchists who had killed almost 7,000 priests and nuns during the Spanish Civil War. Dal sent telegrams to Franco, praising him for signing death warrants

23、 for prisoners. Dal even met Franco personally and painted a portrait of Francos granddaughter. It is impossible to determine whether his tributes to Franco were sincere or whimsical; he also once sent a telegram praising the Conductor, Romanian :Communist leader Nicolae Ceausescu, for his adoption

24、of a scepter as part of his regalia. The Romanian daily newspaper Scinteia published it, without suspecting its mocking aspect. One of Dals few possible bits of open disobedience was his continued praise of Federico Garcia Lorca even in the years when Lorcas works were banned.（分数：5.00）(1).George Orw

25、ell believed that Salvador Dali was（分数：1.00）A.a good artist and a good politicianB.a good painter but worthy of no respectC.a good politician but worthy of no respectD.a good politician with bad taste(2).Which of the following is TRUE about Dals writings?（分数：1.00）A.His writings convinced people comp

26、letely of the anecdotes.B.His writings were about art and politics.C.His writings gave rise to Anarcho-Monarchism.D.Anecdotes accounted in his writings were more to shock listeners.(3).According to the passage, which of the following is NOT Dals political allegiance during his life?（分数：1.00）A.Anarch

27、ism.B.Communism.C.Monarchism.D.Socialism.(4).What did Dal do during the Spanish Civil War?（分数：1.00）A.He fled away and didnt fight for his country.B.Dal sent telegrams to Franco, praising him for signing death warrants for prisoners.C.He also once sent a telegram praising the Conductor, Romanian Comm

28、unist leader Nicolae Ceausescu.D.He found a place which had good cookery and made a quick bolt.(5).We can infer from the passage that Dali was _.（分数：1.00）A.a good politicianB.a true patriotC.a genuine lover of Federico Garca Lorcas worksD.a faithful supporter of Franco四、TEXT C(总题数：1，分数：5.00)In fact

29、Orwell was a deep lover of words who never consciously misused them. If he said he had written a fairy-story (Animal Farm) with a political purpose, we cannot lightly suppose he spoke lightly. A political purpose suggests some kind of moral.There is perhaps a moral for farmers, dont take to drink an

30、d let your animals get out of hand; but even so the villains will be comforted to find that everything comes out all right for them in the end. For the downtrodden animals there is nothing but misery, cruelty, and injustice; and in place of a moral there is only the tragic chorus of the donkey Benja

31、min. This is not like the kind of moral that tells us to look before we leap or not to count our boobies before they are hatched.It is just this sense of purposeless cruelty, though, that gives the clue to Orwells purpose, as well as to his deadly serious reason for calling Animal Farm a fairy-story

32、. The point about fairy-stories is that they are written not merely without a moral but without a morality. They take place in a world beyond good and evil, where people (or animals) suffer or prosper for reasons unconnected with ethical merit-for being ugly or beautiful respectively, for instance,

33、or for even more unsatisfactory reasons. A little girl sets out to do a good deed for her grandmother and gets gobbled up by a wolf; a young rogue escapes the gallows (and gets an old Jew hanged instead) by his talent on the fiddle; dozens of young princes die horrible deaths trying to get through t

34、he thorn-hedge that surrounds the Sleeping Beauty, just because they had the bad luck to be born before her hundred-year curse expired; and one young prince, no better or worse, no handsomer or uglier than the rest, gets through merely because he has the good luck to arrive just as the hundred years

35、 are up; and so on and so on. Even when the Grimmss stepmothers are called “wicked“, it is well to remember that in German their Bosheit is viciousness and bad temper, not moral guilt. For all this is related by the fairy-story tellers without approval or disapproval, without a glimmer of subjective

36、 felling, as though their pens were dipped in surgical spirit to sterilize the microbes of emotion. They never criticize or moralize, to protest or plead or persuade; and if they have an emotional impact on the reader, as the greatest of them do, that is not intrinsic to the stories. They would inde

37、ed only weaken that impact in direct proportion as soon as they set out to achieve it. They move by not seeking to move; almost, it seems, by seeking not to move.（分数：5.00）(1).According to the first paragraph, the author believes that _.（分数：1.00）A.Animal Farm was a fairy-storyB.Orwell wrote a fairy-s

38、tory and he was good at itC.Orwell had his reason for saying Animal Farm was a fairy-storyD.people should trust what Orwell said because he used proper words(2).Which of the following is TRUE about Animal Farm?（分数：1.00）A.It warns farmers of not taking to drink and letting their animals get out of ha

39、nd.B.It indicates that villains will find everything comes out all right for them in the end.C.The moral of the book is just like the kind of moral that tells people to have a thought before they act.D.It has a sense of purposeless cruelty.(3).Which of the following examples does NOT support the poi

40、nt about fairy-stories that they are written without a moral or a morality?（分数：1.00）A.People suffer because of their ethical demerit and succeed because of their ethical merit.B.A good girl setting out to do a good deed ends up miserably.C.A scoundrel escaped punishment because he was good at lying.

41、D.The prince got through thorn-hedge that surrounded the Sleeping Beauty because he was lucky.(4).According to the passage, fairy-stories _.（分数：1.00）A.take place in a world with good and evilB.dont tell the writers approval and disapprovalC.are written with a glimmer of subjective feelingD.are writt

42、en for the purpose of warning or persuasion(5).What does the sentence “They move by not seeking to move; almost, it seems, by seeking not to move.“ mean?（分数：1.00）A.Fairy-story tellers dont have any emotional impact on readers.B.Fairy-story tellers dont know how to criticize or moralize, to protest o

43、r persuade, but they have an emotional impact on readers.C.Fairy-story tellers who want to move the readers wont achieve that, and vice versa.D.Fairy-story tellers dont aim at having an emotional impact on readers, but actually they hav五、TEXT D(总题数：1，分数：5.00)Cyberwarfare, also known as cyberwar and

44、Cyber Warfare, is the use of computers and the Internet in conducting warfare in cyberspace. A cyber warrior is a person who is highly skilled in the art of Cyber Warfare. The necessary skills that a cyber warrior shall possess will vary in magnitude; however, the key skills shall include: informati

45、on security, hacking, espionage, and computer forensics (计算札幌取证).Governments, their militaries, law enforcement, and the private sector around the world are taking the initiative to train their people in the-field of cyber warfare. The Internet security company McAfee stated in their 2007 annual rep

46、ort that approximately 120 countries have been developing ways to use the Internet as a weapon and target financial markets, government computer systems and utilities.The cyber warfare terrain includes all aspects of the Internet from the backbones of the web, to the Internet Service Providers, to t

47、he varying types of data communication mediums and network equipment. The terrain does not end in a field, mountain range, or a coastline, rather the cyber warfare terrain encompasses the cities, communities, and the world, in which we live. The 21st .century battlefield is comprised of many compone

48、nts that include the Internet and all things that connect from a computer to the Internet. This would include: web servers, enterprise information systems, client server systems, data communication media, network equipment, and the desktops/laptops that are in our businesses and homes. The terrain w

49、ill also encompass information systems like the electrical grids, telecommunication systems, and various corporate and military robotics systems.There are several methods of attack in cyberwarfare. Cyber espionage is the act or practice of obtaining secrets (sensitive, proprietary or classified information) from individuals, competitors, rivals, groups, governments and enemies also for military, political, or economic advantage using illegal exploitation methods on Internet, networks, software and or computers.