托福-练习三十九及答案解析.doc

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1、托福-练习三十九及答案解析(总分：50.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、BPassage 1/B(总题数：2，分数：10.00)1.Pruning is removing dead or living branches of a tree to improve the trees health and structure. Careful pruning will control the size of a tree and hold the tree within bounds. Tree size is maintained through crown reduction pruning,

2、 the removal of larger branches at the top of the tree to reduce its height. When done properly, crown reduction only removes branches immediately above the joint with other branches, leaving no stubs.Pruning invigorates trees and keeps them healthy. In general, a tree will be more vigorous with a f

3、ew healthy branches than with many weak ones. Crowded branches never develop to full size. Large branches compete with small branches, and the small ones become targets for disease and breakage. Pruning encourages trees to develop a strong structure, which reduces the likelihood of damage during sev

4、ere weather. Pruning should always be done sparingly; removing too many branches in one season can damage the trees capability for photosynthesis.The aim of pruning is to enhance the natural shape and beauty of a tree. Most hardwood trees have rounded crowns that lack a strong leader and may have se

5、veral lateral, or side, branches. Branches grow from stems at nodes, and cuts are always made just above the stem- branch node so that the wound heals effectively. Cuts should not be made in the middle of a branch or near the end of a branch. After a mature tree reaches the desirable shape, pruning

6、should be done only to remove broken or diseased branches and to thin occasionally to avoid overcrowding.Now listen to the recording. When you hear the question, begin your response. You may look at the reading passage dining the writing time.Summarize the points made in the lecture, being sure to e

7、xplain how they contrast with specific points made in the reading passage. （分数：5.00）_2.People who are especially talented in solving problems that concern an understanding of space are said to have visual-spatial intelligence, a superior visual sense. People with visual-spatial intelligence are able

8、 to perceive patterns. They will notice immediately when a building, painting, or face is not symmetrical. They can recognize objects, both when the objects are seen in their original setting and when some part of the original setting has changed. Their ability to perceive patterns enables them to d

9、raw whatever object they see, usually after seeing the object for only a short time.Typically, visual-spatial intelligence involves several related capacities, such as the ability to create and transform mental imagery, the ability to mentally rotate complex forms and “see“ objects from various angl

10、es, and the ability to draw a picture or map of spatial information. Visual-spatial skills are used when an individual works with graphic depictions-two-dimensional or three-dimensional versions of real-world scenes-as well as other symbols, such as maps, diagrams, or geometrical forms.People with v

11、isual-spatial intelligence have a superior visual memory, or visual imagination, but this memory is abstract rather than pictorial-a kind of geometrical memory. A visual imagination involves the ability to predict and plan ahead. People with a visual imagination are skilled at understanding patterns

12、, including patterns of mental reasoning, which enables them to predict actions and their consequences before these actions occur. For this reason, many people with visual-spatial intelligence love to play games.Now listen to the recording. When you hear the question, begin your response. You may lo

13、ok at the reading passage during the writing time.Summarize the points made in the lecture, being sure to explain how they illustrate specific points made in the reading passage. （分数：5.00）_二、BPassage 2/B(总题数：2，分数：10.00)3.Members of the city council of a small city are considering a plan to develop a

14、 strip of land in the downtown area, between a lake and bay. Currently, the area contains several unoccupied buildings scheduled for demolition, vacant lots between buildings, and a small wooded area on the lakeside. The plan calls for the construction of several blocks of mixed- use buildings up to

15、 six stories in height. All street-level spaces will be for commercial and retail use. The upper stories will be devoted mainly to residential use. City planners have determined that development of the land will beautify and improve the area, which will motivate people to live and shop downtown.The

16、development will help solve the citys growing need for residential space by providing much-needed housing in the downtown core. The plan includes more than one hundred condominiums, two apartment buildings, and four blocks of townhouses. Many of the residential buildings will have the added attracti

17、on of rooftop recreational facilities, such as swimming pools, tennis courts, and restaurants. The project will rejuvenate the area and turn it into a desirable place to live, thereby attracting more people to live downtown.The project will benefit the city economically in several ways. The construc

18、tion phase will create numerous jobs in the building trades. Upon completion of construction, the area will attract a variety of small businesses, such as restaurants, bookstores, art galleries, clothing boutiques, and specialty shops. These businesses will provide hundreds of new jobs, as well as a

19、ttract residents and tourists to the downtown area. This growth in economic activity will benefit the city through additional revenue from the sales tax.Now listen to the recording. When you hear the question, begin your response. You may look at the reading passage during the writing time.Summarize

20、 the points made in the lecture, being sure to explain how they oppose specific points made in the reading passage. （分数：5.00）_4.Psychology is a natural science that describes and explains the physiological and sensory aspects of human behavior. It studies the causes, conditions, and immediate conseq

21、uences of sensations and emotions. Psychologists view the human mind as a function of the brain. Thought is a result of chemical and mechanical laws that govern brain action. All human cognition is the result of physiological processes that can be observed and measured. A variety of computational mo

22、dels provide tools for studying the functional organization of the mind.Because psychology is a natural science, it is based on objectively verified facts and the application of the scientific method. Psychologists conduct controlled experiments in a laboratory in order to support their basic assump

23、tions and develop theories. Experimenters use several types of measurements, such as rate of response, reaction time, and level of neural activity in various areas of the brain. Psychologists use inductive methods to derive general principles from specific facts. They aim to acquire a body of facts

24、and laws about the human mind.Psychology has a number of related subfields, all of which are primarily concerned with the biological bases of behavior and mental states. For example, behavioral neuroscientists use animal models, typically rats, to develop theories about the neural and cellular mecha

25、nisms of human behavior. Cognitive neuroscientists study the neural aspects of psychological processes in humans. Neuropsychologists study specific aspects of mental impairment caused by brain damage or disease.Now listen to the recording. When you hear the question, begin your response. You may loo

26、k at the reading passage during the writing time.Summarize the points made in the lecture, being sure to explain how they contrast with specific points made in the reading passage. （分数：5.00）_三、BPassage 3/B(总题数：3，分数：15.00)5.In recent decades, space-based observations have led astronomers to change th

27、eir previous view that Pluto was the ninth planet in the solar system. By a strong majority, the International Astronomical Union voted to change the definition of what it means to be a planet. The new definition states that, in order to be called a planet, an object must meet three criteria. First,

28、 it must orbit the sun. Second, it must be large enough to have a round shape due to the force of its own gravity. Third, it must dominate the neighborhood of its orbit by clearing the region of other large bodies.Pluto meets the first two criteria. It orbits the sun, is round in shape, and has an e

29、stimated diameter of 2,400 kilometers. However, Pluto does not meet the third criterion because it does not dominate the region of its orbit. As a planet forms, it becomes the strongest gravitational body in its orbit, and this gravity causes it to sweep up asteroids, comets, and other debris around

30、 it. Plutos orbit remains crowded with other objects, many of which are nearly as large as Pluto itself. The new definition of planet is clear and precise, and Pluto does not qualify.Astronomers now agree that Pluto is not a true planet. Instead, Pluto and its moons are part of a collection of objec

31、ts called the Kuiper Belt. Astronomers have redefined Pluto as a dwarf planet, an object too small to be a real planet but too large to be a space rock. Unless Pluto gains mass by crashing into and absorbing the other objects in its orbit, it will remain a dwarf planet and not a true planet.Now list

32、en to the recording. When you hear the question, begin your response. You may look at the reading passage during the writing time.Summarize the points made in the lecture, being sure to explain how they contradict specific points made in the reading passage. （分数：5.00）_6.Research has taught us a lot

33、about job satisfaction and the motivation of workers. First, workers are more motivated if their job offers a sense of community. A sense of community grows when workers get recognition for their accomplishments and when they believe their skills are being well used. Social organization in the workp

34、lace is important. Supervisors and co-workers have a tremendous influence on job satisfaction. When workers are asked what they like or do not like about their job, around 80 percent will mention the people they work with.Second, while workers value traditional economic incentives such as pay and pr

35、omotions, they also have needs and expectations that go beyond economic concerns. Workers need a sense of security in the workplace. Security comes from confidence in the system that they are part of, the quality of the product or service they provide, and the reputation of the company. Security com

36、es from the personal satisfaction of knowing that their skills are being utilized in a way that contributes to the companys success.Third, the most satisfying jobs are those with a high level of autonomy, in which employees can make their own decisions about the pacing and sequence of work with mini

37、mal supervision. Job autonomy is most often found in high-pay and high-prestige occupations. In jobs in the middle or lower levels of pay and prestige, workers generally have less autonomy. The lower the occupational status, the more heavily supervised the workers are, and the fewer decisions they c

38、an make on their own.Now listen to the recording. When you hear the question, begin your response. You may look at the reading passage during the writing time.Summarize the points made in the lecture, being sure to explain how they support specific points made in the reading passage. （分数：5.00）_7.The

39、 term “alternative medicine“ describes healing practices that are used in place of conventional “Western“ medicine. Alternative medicine often rejects science-based medicine and includes therapies that developed out of religious and cultural traditions. Examples are naturopathy, herbalism, meditatio

40、n, biofeedback, hypnosis, homeopathy, and nutritional-based therapies. Advocates of alternative medicine believe that the various alternative methods are more effective than conventional medicine in treating a wide range of medical conditions.Dissatisfaction with conventional medicine leads many peo

41、ple to seek alternative therapies. Some people choose alternative medicine because they do not trust traditional authority figures, such as the physician, or they dislike the current delivery methods of scientific medicine, particularly the over-reliance on synthetic drugs. Some patients prefer alte

42、rnative therapies because they are averse to the painful or dangerous side effects of biomedical treatments. The majority of alternative medicine users find health-care alternatives to be more in agreement with their own values, beliefs, and philosophy about health. Many have a holistic orientation

43、to health, a belief that the body, mind, and spirit are connected.To meet the growing demand for alternative treatments, a variety of schools and colleges offer courses in alternative medicine. Even conventional medical colleges have started offering courses. Most alternative medicine programs take

44、a holistic approach to health that explores the interconnection between the mind and body. Mind-body medicine works under the premise that the mind can affect bodily functions and symptoms. Other alternative medicine programs emphasize the study of substances found in nature such as herbs, foods, vi

45、tamins, and minerals.Now listen to the recording. When you hear the question, begin your response. You may look at the reading passage during the writing time.Summarize the points made in the lecture, being sure to explain how they challenge specific points made in the reading passage. （分数：5.00）_四、B

46、Passage 4/B(总题数：1，分数：5.00)8.Check the sentence structure of the following paragraphs. Cross out errors and write corrections above them. There may be more than one way to correct an error. 1 The speaker talk about a maple tree that was topping. This not a good pruning practice. Because topping cause

47、 a lot of damage to trees. The first reason was topping cause leaves and branches grew fast. The growth rate of a tree speed up when they are topping. Branches became crowded and dangerous could crush a car. Another reason, topping remove too many leaves, which the trees food source. The tree will starve also more likely to infected by disease. Topping cause a lot of stress for the tree therefore not good pruning practice. 2. The lecture mention reasons for choose alternative medicine. For example, an increase in conspiracy theor