公共英语四级-42及答案解析.doc

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1、公共英语四级-42 及答案解析(总分：100.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、Section Reading Co(总题数：0，分数：0.00)二、Part A(总题数：0，分数：0.00)三、Text 1(总题数：1，分数：15.00)Conventional wisdom has long held that mammals stayed millions of years on earth. As long as dinosaurs roamed the lands, our distant ancestors never got to be much more than chicken

2、-hearted creatures that sneaked out at night to grab bits of plants when the terrible lizards were asleep. Only when they were wiped out did mammals begin to earn a little evolutionary respect. But that picture changed dramatically with the announcement in Nature of two impressive fossils. One, of a

3、 brand-new species named R. giganticus , broke apart the notion that most dinosaur-age mammals were never larger than squirrels. The animal had the dimensions of a midsize dog-by far the biggest dinosaur-age mammal ever found. And the second, a new specimen of a previously discovered species called

4、R. robustus , refuted the notion that it was always the mammals that got eaten. Inside the skeleton where the animal“s stomach would have been are the fossilized remains of a baby dinosaur. “This discovery was the chance of a lifetime,“ says Jin Meng, scientist and coauthor of the paper. Indeed, Men

5、g didn“t expect to find things like this at all. The smaller skeleton was discovered about two years ago by villagers in China“s Liaoning province, site of some of the richest fossil beds in the world. They brought it to the attention of scientists, who took it to an institute for examination. “We d

6、idn“t see the stomach contents at first,“ says Meng. After they did, however, it didn“t take them long to realize they had struck scientific gold. On closer examination, the scientists determined that the remains were those of a juvenile dinosaur. Some of the arm and leg bones were still attached to

7、 each other, suggesting that R. robustus didn“t chew its food thoroughly but wolfed it down in large chunks. Taken together, the finds overturn the already eroded idea that early mammals were tiny and timid. Now paleontologists can stop cooking up theories to explain why mammals were so littlethat t

8、hey had to be small to avoid being found, for example, or they couldn“t grow larger because dinosaurs already occupied those ecological spaces. But it“s now clear that mammals did fill some of the spaces reserved for larger animals. “It“s quite possible,“ says paleontologist Anne Weil, “that they co

9、mpeted with dinosaurs for the same prey.“ And because they ate dinosaurs, they may even have had an influence on dinosaur evolution. What sort of influence? “We don“t know,“ she says. “That“s how it is with the best finds. They leave you with more questions than answers.“（分数：15.00）(1).Mammals in the

10、 dinosaur age used to be described as（分数：3.00）A.fierce and dangerous.B.shrewd and swift.C.doglike and sneaky.D.small and cowardly.(2).The fossil of a baby dinosaur in the skeleton of R. robustus indicates that（分数：3.00）A.robustusmust have died in its pregnancy.B.this mammal could have died while figh

11、ting with dinosaurs.C.robustusswallowed the baby dinosaur as its food.D.mammals would eat their young when starved.(3).By saying “they had struck scientific gold“ (Lines 12, Paragraph 4), the author means that（分数：3.00）A.their discovery earned them great fame.B.their findings enjoyed enormous market

12、value.C.they acquired valuable resources for their studies.D.they had made a significant discovery in their research.(4).The expression “cooking up“ (Line 2, Paragraph 5) indicates that the author（分数：3.00）A.doubts the validity of the previous scientific explanations.B.thinks the new discoveries have

13、 practical significance.C.regards previous ecological studies as simply story-making.D.considers those new discoveries no longer hold water.(5).What is the possible connection between mammals and dinosaurs?（分数：3.00）A.Mammals were under dinosaurs“ rule most of the time.B.Mammals might have contribute

14、d to the evolution of dinosaurs.C.Dinosaurs failed in the competition with mammals for food.D.Baby dinosaurs were the main source of food for mammals.四、Text 2(总题数：1，分数：15.00)Schools of education have long been objects of criticism. From James Koerner“s 1963 book, The Miseducation of America“s Teache

15、rs, up through two recent reports by national commissions, critics have complained about the intellectual emptiness of the curriculum at ed schools and the lack of connection between what is taught and the realities teachers face in the classroom. A recent survey of teachers about their graduate-sch

16、ool training drew comments like “the shabbiest psychobabble imaginable“ and “a waste of time.“ With an estimated 2 million new teachers needed over the next decade, the shortcomings in education schools are a practical concern. In what is a generally bleak landscape, a small number of schools stand

17、out as innovators. Two key qualities distinguish these exemplars. First, they require that students master the subjects they will be teaching and structure their curricula accordingly. Second, these programs put a premium on hands-on experience. While traditional ed-school curricula are filled with

18、courses on theory, the new approach places much greater emphasis on learning by doing. At Ohio State University in Columbus, students in the one-year master“s program spend half their time teaching in one of 55 Franklin County public schools, where they are paired with experienced teachers. “You are

19、 immersed from Day 1,“ says OSU graduate student Kelley Crockett, a 37-year-old former businesswoman who does practical training at Gables Elementary School. “And that forces you to be intimately involved.“ In New York City, the Bank Street College of Educationa two-year programruns its own junior h

20、igh. “That keeps us honest,“ says the school“s president, Augusta Kappner. “We are encouraging students to see how they function in school settings so they can constantly improve.“ Comparable programs exist at some other institutions, including the University of Virginia and Trinity University in Sa

21、n Antonio. But Linda Darling-Hamond, a professor at Columbia University“s Teachers College who is an expert on teacher training, estimates that only 40 percent of the 1,200 teacher-education programs in the country have met national accreditation standards. Most education schools, she says, “have op

22、erated bureaucratically, assuming that teachers didn“t need to know many things, “Just give them a textbook and send them on.“（分数：15.00）(1).By saying “intellectual emptiness of the curriculum“ (Lines 34, Paragraph 1) the critics mean to argue that（分数：3.00）A.there were not sufficient items in the cur

23、riculum.B.the curriculum was poorly designed academically.C.the training based on the curriculum was hardly imaginable.D.the curriculum did not sufficiently address learners“ needs.(2).According to the author, the concern over the current situation in ed schools is（分数：3.00）A.well-grounded.B.unnecess

24、ary.C.widespread.D.ill-founded.(3).The word “premium“ (Line 6, Paragraph 2) probably means（分数：3.00）A.difficulty.B.emphasis.C.limitation.D.reward.(4).It can be inferred from Linda Darling-Hammond“s comment that（分数：3.00）A.most ed schools should undergo fundamental reform.B.it is too difficult for ed s

25、chools to overcome bureaucracy.C.teachers at ed schools emphasize too much the value of a textbook.D.most ed school teachers are unwilling to participate in the innovations.(5).Which of the following would be the best title for the text?（分数：3.00）A.A Bird“s Eye View on Teacher Training ProgramsB.Trad

26、itional versus Modern Schools of EducationC.Innovation at Some Schools of EducationD.Comparison between Teacher Training Programs五、Text 3(总题数：1，分数：15.00)It“s almost an article of faith: your best ally in the fight against cancer is a doggedly optimistic outlook. And it would seem that mounting evide

27、nce of the links between emotional and physical well-being would support that view. The only problem is that there is no good evidence to support that belief when it comes to cancer. Moreover, the “ tyranny “ of positive thinking often becomes just one more burden for the sick. It was research in th

28、e 1970s and “80s that first popularized the idea that attitude might affect cancer outcomes. Such research led doctors to encourage patients to think happy thoughts and visualize their immune system blasting away cancer cells. But most of those studies have been dismissed as either flawed or inconcl

29、usive. A review of 37 studies that was published in the British Medical Journal in 2002 found that although a positive outlook does correlate with the perception of less pain by patientsa real benefit-there is “little consistent evidence that coping styles play an important part in survival from or

30、recurrence of cancer.“ Still, the optimism theory remains attractive. One reason is that Americans live in a culture that desires control. We want to believe that we can beat cancer by imposing our will on the disease. A better reason is that mental states like depression and chronic anxiety have be

31、en shown to have physical consequences that affect the progression of such illnesses as heart disease and diabetes. While a similar connection is biologically plausible for cancer, it is far from proven. Even researchers who believe that studies will ultimately establish links between stress and the

32、 progression of cancer, like Stanford“s Dr. David Spiegel, know the picture is complex. “It isn“t a matter of “Fix it in your mind, and you fix it in your body,“ he says, “but it would be strange if what goes on in our minds didn“t affect how our bodies deal with illness.“ So where does that leave c

33、ancer patients? Doctors know that individuals will always bring their own dispositionsunny, sour or sarcasticto bear on their illness and treatment. Pressuring them to be models of positive thinking is useless. Worse, it could cause them to hide their fears and reject support. But clinicians must re

34、main alert for signs of depression, which can affect the outcome of any disease if it interferes with treatment. And many patients will also needand welcomehelp to improve poor coping skills. Spiegel says, “Having worked with people with life-threatening illnesses for 30 years, it“s clear that there

35、 are better and worse ways to deal with these things.“ False optimism isn“t helpful, but neither is despair.（分数：15.00）(1).By saying “the “ tyranny “ of positive thinking“ (Line 5, Paragraph 1), the author probably means（分数：3.00）A.people cannot but think optimistically.B.it is unfair to force people

36、to think positively.C.people are advised to assume an optimistic outlook in life.D.it is positive thinking that prevails.(2).What is found to be the real benefit of taking an optimistic attitude toward cancer?（分数：3.00）A.Strengthening the immune system.B.Reducing the pain felt by patients.C.Improving

37、 patients“ coping styles.D.Heightening the effect of medication.(3).The author thinks that the optimism theory is derived from（分数：3.00）A.Americans“ cultural pride in overcoming everything.B.the biological plausibility of willful control of cancer.C.the assumed connection of mood with some illnesses.

38、D.the scientific researches in the 1970s and “80s.(4).What does the sentence “the picture is complex“ (Line 3, Paragraph 4) mean?（分数：3.00）A.Researchers differ in views on the cure of illnesses.B.The human body is still beyond our understanding.C.Doctors are unable to handle cancers effectively.D.Var

39、ious factors function in the treatment of cancers.(5).An appropriate title for the text would be（分数：3.00）A.Can Sunny Thoughts Halt Cancer?B.Fix Your Mind, and Your Body Will be FixedC.OptimismAnother Burden for Patients?D.Smiles Surely Smooth Sentiment六、Text 4(总题数：1，分数：15.00)Advances in interfacesth

40、e physical way we react with computersand other techniques of controlling computers will supplement the role of the traditional keyboard and mouse. Technologies in development include surfaces that allow fingertip control of on-screen objects and devices that senseand react tomovement. But we should

41、 assess human-computer interaction (HCI) to ensure that we retain control of key decision-making processes, one report suggests. Display technologies will soon allow us to fix screens of all sizes in a variety of fabrics. In the near future we will still be reading paper books and magazines; but we“

42、ll also be using paper-like digital screens to distribute content. Cheap and easily-accessed digital storage allows consumers to electronically record and store more aspects of our livesallowing us to share information and interact with people across the globe. This hyper-connectivity liberates us f

43、rom fixed telephone lines, desks and offices, while advances in robotics develop the computer“s ability to learn and make decisions. “New computing technology is tremendously exciting,“ said Tom Rodden, Professor at the University of Nottingham. “But the interaction between humans and computers is e

44、volving into a complex ecosystem where small changes can have far-reaching consequences. While new interfaces and hyper-connectivity mean we are increasingly mobile, we can see that they are obscuring the line between work and personal space.“ “Huge storage capabilities raise fundamental privacy iss

45、ues around what we should be recording and what we should not. The potential of machine learning might well result in computers increasingly making decisions on our behalf. It is imperative that we combine technological innovations with an understanding of their impact on people.“ The report argues

46、that without proper monitoring and assessment it is possible that we may no longer be in control of ourselves or the world around us. This potentially places the computer on a collision course with basic human values and concepts such as personal space, society, identity, independence, perception, i

47、ntelligence and privacy. The report gives recommendations for the HCI community to adopt to ensure that human values inform future development. These include educating young people so that they understand HCI and the impact of computer advances early on and engaging with governments, policy-makers a

48、nd society as a whole to provide counsel and give advance warning of the emerging implications of new computing ecosystems. “Computing has the potential to enhance the lives of billions of people around the world. We believe that if technology is to truly bring benefit to humanity, then human values

49、 and the impact of technology must be considered at the earliest possible opportunity in the technology design process,“ said Abigail Sellen. one of the editors of the report.（分数：15.00）(1).New technologies will make a computer（分数：3.00）A.less complex in structure.B.less varied in appearance.C.more automatic in operation.D.more user friendly in future.(2).Tom Rodden is worried that new interfaces and hyper-connectivity will（分数：3.00）A.result in greater interest in machine learning.B.impose more interference on our privacy.C.disturb our existing ecological system.D.lead to the