大学英语四级阅读-21及答案解析.doc

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1、大学英语四级阅读-21 及答案解析(总分：100.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、Part Reading Compr(总题数：0，分数：0.00)二、Section A(总题数：2，分数：20.00)Many people wonder why some men want to live on the moon. It is (1) not the kind of place where most men would choose to live. But man has always moved to new areas.Some scientists hope that continue

2、d work will be done on the moon. Many experiments will be done there more (2) . Some large (3) are very easy to do in a place without air. Matter can be heated to very high temperatures without (4) change when it is in such a place. Air, dust, and clouds cannot (5) mans view of space from the moon.

3、The very high or very low temperatures and low gravity on the moon will be used for many experiments. One very important use of the moon will be to (6) spaceship.Man might be able to learn much about his own body by living on the moon. He would be living in a habitat that he made for himself. Man wo

4、uld be in control of the (7) of life in which he lives. (8) could be removed from the air in this community.Gravity is the one thing that would not be under mans control. Some scientists believe the low gravity of the moon would be (9) for man. The heart would not have to work so hard. The body woul

5、d need less energy to move than it does on the earth. However, the human body might change during long stays on the moon. Much exercise would probably be needed to keep the body in good (10) .A. community B. condition C. launch D. insightE. chemical F. mysterious G. experiments H. probablyI. healthf

6、ul J. easily K. extend L. renderM. promptly N. block O. bacteria（分数：10.00）填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_People who live in heavily industrialized areas do not get as much sunlight as they should. Dust (1) over a city at altitudes (海拔) of between 4,000 and 8,00

7、0 feet cuts out between 20 and 50 percent of the sunlight and up to 90 percent of the ultraviolet light (紫外线). But dust is not the only thing to (2) about. When fuels are burned, whether in a factory, or in a home, or in the engine of a car, CO2 is given off. CO2 in the atmosphere acts as a kind of

8、(3) around the earth, keeping warms in and so slowly raising the (4) of the earth. This could really change the climate all over the world.Everybody wants to have a car. (5) , while they are giving us so much pleasure, cars are also poisoning us. The amount of dangerous substances sent out by a car

9、is quite (6) . Did you know, for example, that a hundred cars produce on (7) a third of a ton of CO2 as well as many other (8) substances every day?Now, more and more people are realizing the importance of clean air. Schools are now teaching about the pollution problems. Scientists and engineers are

10、 trying to (9) new engines for cars. But what about the millions of cars already in use? Must they all be thrown away? It might be very (10) to change them so that they, too, are pollution-free.A. forge B. screen C. expensive D. floatingE. unfortunately F. average G. poisonous H. developI. temperatu

11、re J. surprising K. overtaking L. essentialM. regulation N. generously O. worry（分数：10.00）填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_三、Section B(总题数：2，分数：40.00)Which Attributes of a Food Product Are Most Important to Consumers?A. The Australian state of Victoria is investin

12、g in a program to identify new opportunities for its food and agriculture industries. As part of this initiative the government conducted extensive research to identify which attributes of a food product are most important to consumers. As income levels rise and education levels improve, consumers a

13、round the world are becoming interested in more than just the price and quality of the food they eat. Indeed, some consumers are now willing to pay extra money for food with a special nutritional or health benefit. In addition, some consumers are also choosing food based on how it was produced, incl

14、uding the environmental and ethical impact of production. Victorias Department of Primary Industries designed and researched a report that analyzes preferences for food products with “trust“ attributes, specifically food safety, clean food, green food, animal welfare and ethical food production. The

15、 report also determines the relative importance of the five nominated “trust“ attributes and evaluates their importance in relation to non-trust attributes, such as price and quality.B. “Consumers are becoming increasingly insightful when making purchasing decisions, and Victorias ability to demonst

16、rate the trustworthiness of food products will be vital to maintain consumer confidence in priority export markets,“ the report says. Between February and June 2004, the DPI interviewed 280 food industry shareholders, including retailers, wholesalers, foodservice managers, importers, distributors, a

17、nd representatives of government, industry bodies and non-government organizations, in 21 of Victorias major food markets, including France, Japan, the UK and the US.C. The research found, perhaps unsurprisingly, that price, quality and food safety were the most important factors for consumers, with

18、 each factor ranked as the most important by 18-22% of respondents. In fourth place, 8% of respondents felt taste flavor was the most important attribute of a food product for consumers, while 6% thought freshness was most important, and 3% thought the appearance packaging was most important. Health

19、 nutrition, brand image, and clean chemical free were each considered most important by just 1-2% of interviewees.D. Of the five specified “trust“ factorsfood safety, clean food, green food, animal welfare and ethical food productionfood safety was ranked as being of high or very high importance to

20、their organization by 95% of respondents. It is not just consumers that food safety is important to, as one Japanese wholesaler observed “It has taken a long time to build our reputation for reliability with our customers and just one accident would cause us to lose everything, especially ff consume

21、rs are harmed.“E. Clean food was ranked second in importance among the specified trust factors, with 90% of respondents rating clean food as being of high or very high importance to their organization. However, just 63% of respondents said clean food was of high or very high importance to consumers.

22、 The survey also found that there was regional variation in the definition of clean foodsome respondents thought it should include Halal production methods, while others thought clean food should also be free of genetically modified organisms (GMOs).F. Ethics was ranked fairly high in importance to

23、organizations, but was considered less important to consumers. While 82% of respondents rated ethics as being of high or very high importance to their organization, just 31% considered ethics to be of high or very high importance to consumers. Another finding was that ethics included many of the oth

24、er trust factors, as a German government representative pointed out “This issue covers a little of everything. It depends on the producer and on the way people, animals and the environment are treated. It depends on personal values.“ The researchers found that the importance of ethics varied accordi

25、ng to what aspect was mentioned. The proving of claims made on product labels was considered to be of higher importance than issues such as workers rights, corporate responsibility and local sourcing, because it is an issue that has impact on the consumer directly.G. Green food was ranked relatively

26、 low in importance, with just 50% of respondents rating it as being of high or very high importance to their organization, and just 19% rating it as being of high or very high importance to consumers. Many respondents cited low consumer awareness and lack of consumer interest, and some said they bel

27、ieved consumers were unwilling to pay a higher price for green food products, reflecting the overall finding that higher importance is attached to factors that has impact directly on consumers.H. “Consumers claim to want the choice, but the category has been disappointing, leading to oversupply and

28、price pressures for high cost producers. Price always seems to focus the Dutch minds,“ said one global retailer based in the Netherlands. There was also some variation in opinions about what exactly constitutes green food, with several respondents seeing it as synonymous with organic production. Of

29、issues associated with green food, organic production was seen as the most important to consumers, while impact on the environment, ecosystem health, bio-diversity and environmental management practices were rated relatively low in importance.I. Animal welfare was another low-rated trust factor, wit

30、h 43% of respondents rating it as being of high or very high importance to organizations, and just 15% considering it to be of high or very high importance to consumers. Again, respondents pointed to low consumer awareness, lack of consumer interest and an unwillingness to pay an extra cost for “ani

31、mal friendly“ products. Many respondents also said there was a gap between what consumers say and what they do when it comes to purchasing behavior related to animal welfare issues. “This is a complex issueit is of low importance to consumers in terms of translation into action, but high in terms of

32、 a discussion topic. A gap exists between theory and practice,“ said a representative of a non-government organization in India.J. However, the importance of animal welfare could be raised if there was a direct impact that can be seen on the consumer, for example where handling or feeding administra

33、tions affect product quality or food safety, as an airline catering supplier in Singapore illustrated “Animal welfare is important only in that it contributes to the quality of the product. The way the animal is treated and fed is crucial to the quality of the end product.“K. Overall, respondents id

34、entified that consumers are more concerned about factors that affect them directly, such as food safety. Although consumers are considered to be generally less concerned about issues such as animal welfare and environmental management practices, these issues are not insignificant as they assume much

35、 greater importance when they have the potential to affect food quality or when public concern is heightened by specific interest groups or media reports. According to Bob Cameron, Victorias minister for agriculture, the governments aim in carrying out such research was to develop new approaches to

36、improve Victorias access to international markets. It will be interesting to see how this information is used, and how it influences lucre product development.（分数：20.00）(1).Concerning the definition of clean food, the survey found it was varied among different regions.（分数：2.00）填空项 1:_(2).As it was i

37、ndicated by the respondents, green food was ranked relatively low in importance because of low consumer awareness and lack of consumer interests.（分数：2.00）填空项 1:_(3).Of issues associated with green food, consumers took organic production as the most important.（分数：2.00）填空项 1:_(4).The Australian state

38、of Victoria is putting money in a program for the purpose of finding out new opportunities for its food and agriculture industries.（分数：2.00）填空项 1:_(5).Animal welfare was a low-rated trust factor partly because consumers were reluctant to pay extra money for “animal friendly“ products.（分数：2.00）填空项 1:

39、_(6).Among all the ethical issues of food, the proving of claims on product labels was considered to be of higher importance than other issues such as workers rights.（分数：2.00）填空项 1:_(7).Not only the consumers but wholesalers and organizations considered food safety as the most important to them.（分数：

40、2.00）填空项 1:_(8).When there was a direct impact that can be seen on the consumer, the importance of animal welfare be raised.（分数：2.00）填空项 1:_(9).According to the DPIs research, price, quality and food safety were the most important factors for consumers.（分数：2.00）填空项 1:_(10).Now some consumers are wil

41、ling to pay extra money for food with a special nutritional or health benefit.（分数：2.00）填空项 1:_Big is BackA. Corporate giants were on the defensive for decades. Now they have the advantage again. In 1996, in one of his most celebrated phrases, Bill Clinton declared that “the era of big government is

42、over“. He might have added that the era of big companies was over, too. The organisation that defined capitalism for much of the 20th century was then in retreat, attacked by corporate raiders, annoyed by shareholders and outwitted by entrepreneurs (企业家). Great names such as Pan Am had disappeared.

43、Others had survived only by huge bloodletting: IBM sacked 122,000 people, a quarter of its workforce, between 1990 and 1995. Everyone agreed that the future lay with entrepreneurial start-ups such as Yahoo!which in late 1998 had the same market capitalisation with 637 employees as Boeing with 230,00

44、0. The share of GDP produced by big industrial companies fell by haft between 1974 and 1998, from 36% to 17%.B. Today the balance of advantage may be shifting again. To a degree, the financial crisis is responsible. It has destroyed the venture-capital market, the lifeblood of many young firms. Gove

45、rnments have been rescuing companies they consider too big to fail, such as Citigroup and General Motors. Recession is squeezing out smaller and less well-connected firms. But there are other reasons too, which are giving big companies a self-confidence they have not displayed for decades.C. Of cour

46、se, big companies never went away. There were still plenty of first-rate ones: Unilever and Toyota continued to innovate through thick and thin. And not all start-ups were models of success: Netscape and Enron promised to revolutionise their industries only to crash and burn. Nevertheless, the balan

47、ce had shifted in favour of small organisations. The entrepreneurial boom was supercharged by two developments. Deregulation (撤销管制规定) opened protected markets. Some national champions, such as AT girls log half that time. All in all, however, childrens leisure time dropped from 40% of the day in 198

48、1 to 25%.“Children are affected by the same time crunch (危机) that affects their parents,“ says Sandra Hofferth, who headed the recent study of childrens timetable. A chief reason, she says, is that more mothers are working outside the home. (Nevertheless, children in both double-income and “male breadwinner“ households spent comparable amounts of time interacting with