大学英语四级235及答案解析.doc
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1、大学英语四级 235 及答案解析(总分:746.57,做题时间:130 分钟)一、Writing (30 minutes)(总题数:1,分数:30.00)1.For this part, you are allowed to write a composition on the topic The Value of Time. You should write at least 120 words and you should base your composition on the outline. 1时间比金钱更可贵; 2应当珍惜每寸光阴; 3要养成节约时间的好习惯。 (分数:30.00)
2、_二、Reading Comprehensio(总题数:1,分数:71.00)How Important Is Knowledge? Knowledge Makes the Difference between Poverty and Wealth Forty years ago, Ghana and the Republic of Korea had about the same income per capita. By 1990, Koreas income was six times higher than Ghanas. While part of the difference is
3、 due to more investment and more workers, half of the difference is attributed to Koreas greater success in organizing and using knowledge. Knowledge Makes the Difference between Sickness and Health Knowledge doesnt only mean higher economic growth and higher incomes. It can also mean a better quali
4、ty of life, such as a cleaner environment and better health. In recent decades, infant mortality rates have declined sharply for people in all income groups. Even very poor families suffer fewer infant deaths today than equally poor families suffered ten years ago. Reason: the advance of knowledge h
5、as made possible new drugs and vaccines, better sanitation practices, and more effective public health campaigns. What Kind of Knowledge Our report focuses on two types of knowledge that are especially important to development. First, technical knowledge or simply know-how. Examples are nutrition an
6、d birth control, engineering and accounting. Poor countries and poor people have less know-how than others, and these knowledge gaps make it harder for people to escape poverty. Second, knowledge about attributes or characteristics, such as the purity of milk, the diligence of a worker, the solvency
7、 (偿付能力) of a firm, and the security of a bank. When this information is lacking, markets function badly or fail. We call the difficulties arising from lack of this type of knowledge information problems. Information problems are often worse in developing countries and they especially hurt the poor.
8、Knowledge Gaps and Information Problems in the Green Revolution The Green Revolution illustrates how dealing with both types of problems can improve peoples lives. The first steps in the Green Revolution involved narrowing knowledge gaps research to develop new seed and techniques, and teach the new
9、 techniques to farmers. But the potential of the Green Revolution could not be dug up unless poor farmers obtained loans to buy new seeds and fertilizer. As we will see, credit for the poor is a classic information problem. Lack of credit and other information problems turned out to be as important
10、and difficult as the original agricultural research. One study in India found that for a typical family with a small parcel of land, the loss of potential income over five years from slow adoption and inefficient use of high-yielding varieties was nearly four times its annual income before the intro
11、duction of the new seeds. As these problems were solved, through research, agricultural extension services and later through micro credit, the Green Revolution indeed helped the poor. Incomes of small farmers almost doubled and the incomes of landless laborers the poorest of the poor more than doubl
12、ed. The two types of problem often overlap and interact, as in the case of the Green Revolution. To narrow knowledge gaps both between and within countries it is necessary to know how knowledge can be acquired, how it can be absorbed, and how it can be communicated. Acquiring Knowledge Most new know
13、ledge is being created in richer countries, where spending on research and development is the highest. Fortunately, developing countries dont need to re-invent the light bulb, or the computer, or the vaccine for measles. In many cases, tapping global knowledge will be quickest and easiest way to nar
14、row knowledge gaps. How? Foreign direct investment, trade, and in an era of strengthened intellectual property rights licensing are all important mechanisms for acquiring knowledge from abroad. And countries should not neglect the knowledge in their own backyard, such as traditional knowledge about
15、ecosystems and medicinal plants. China, Brazil, India and Korea are building their own research capacity, to complement the acquisition of knowledge from abrade. Absorbing Knowledge Education is more important than ever before. In the past 20 years, the share of medium and high-technology goods in w
16、orld trade has more than doubled, to half of world trade. Basic education remains crucial, but it is no longer enough. To compete globally, a countrys workforce must include people with advanced technical training and higher education. At the household level, too, education is crucial. It is well kn
17、own that educated women have healthier children and that farmers with more schooling are quicker to adopt new techniques. Despite great changes, too many poor people especially women remain illiterate. In low-income countries, four out of ten women do not know how to read. Communicating Knowledge Fa
18、lling communication costs offer new opportunities to cope with these old problems. Computing power and telephone lines cost only one ten-thousandth of what they cost two decades ago. Yet millions of people remain isolated. In the U.S. there are more than 600 telephone lines for every 1,000 people. B
19、ut in South Asia and Sub-Saharan Africa, there are only 20 telephone lines for every 1,000 people. The problem isnt lack of demand. Worldwide about 28 million households and businesses in developing countries are on waiting lists for a telephone line. Many more would gladly pay if only service were
20、available. Breaking up monopolies and introducing more competition can help to increase the supply of phones. In Ghana the number of phone lines increased by 25 percent in the first year after the market was opened to competition. Chile used an innovative scheme to award subsidies to companies that
21、install pay phones in remote villages. By the end of this year almost everybody in Chile will have access to a phone. Even if knowledge gaps were closed entirely, with everyone in the world having the same access to know-how as well-educated people in rich countries, people in poorer countries would
22、 still face more serious information problems. Knowledge about attributes the quality of a product or the solvency of a firm cannot be stored for long. It must be generated on the spot and constantly refreshed. Many of the institutions needed to collect and spread this information are weak or lackin
23、g in developing countries. Information problems are especially important in three areas: poverty as is discussed above, finance, and environment. Finance The financial crisis in East Asia is clear reminder of the severity of information problems and the need to develop institutions to deal with them
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