大学英语六级分类模拟题469及答案解析.doc

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1、大学英语六级分类模拟题 469 及答案解析(总分：293.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、Part Writing(总题数：1，分数：20.00)1.Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write an essay commenting on the saying “Where there“s a will there“s a way.“ You can cite examples to illustrate your point. You should write at least 150 words but no

2、 more than 200 words. （分数：20.00）_二、Part Reading Compr(总题数：0，分数：0.00)三、Section A(总题数：1，分数：71.00)New Discoveries of Public TransportA. A new study conducted for the World Bank by Murdoch University“s Institute for Science and Technology Policy (ISTP) has demonstrated that public transport is more effi

3、cient than cars. The study compared the proportion of wealth poured into transport by thirty-seven cities around the world. This included both the public and private costs of building, maintaining and using a transport system. B. The study found that the Western Australian city of Perth is a good ex

4、ample of a city with minimal public transport. As a result, 17% of its wealth went into transport costs. Some European and Asian cities, on the other hand, spent as little as 5%. Professor Peter Newman, ISTP Director, pointed out that these more efficient cities were able to put the difference into

5、attracting industry and jobs or creating a better place to live. C. According to Professor Newman, the larger Australian city of Melbourne is a rather unusual city in this sort of comparison. He describes it as two cities: “A European city surrounded by a car-dependent one“. Melbourne“s large tram n

6、etwork has made car use in the inner city much lower, but the outer suburbs have the same car-based structure as most other Australian cities. The explosion in demand for accommodation in the inner suburbs of Melbourne suggests a recent change in many people“s preferences as to where they live. D. N

7、ewman says this is a new, broader way of considering public transport issues. In the past, the case for public transport has been made on the basis of environmental and social justice considerations rather than economics. Newman, however, believes the study demonstrates that “the auto-dependent city

8、 model is inefficient and grossly inadequate in economic as well as environmental terms“. E. Bicycle use was not included in the study but Newman noted that the two most “bicycle friendly“ cities consideredAmsterdam and Copenhagenwere very efficient, even though their public transport systems were“r

9、easonable but not special“. F. It is common for supporters of road networks to reject the models of cities with good public transport by arguing that such systems would not work in their particular city. One objection is climate. Some people say their city could not make more use of public transport

10、 because it is either too hot or too cold. Newman rejects this, pointing out that public transport has been successful in both Toronto and Singapore and, in fact, he has checked the use of cars against climate and found “zero correlation“. G. When it comes to other physical features, road lobbies ar

11、e on stronger ground. For example, Newman accepts it would be hard for a city as hilly as Auckland to develop a really good rail network. However, he points out that both Hong Kong and Zurich have managed to make a success of their rail systems, heavy and light respectively, though there are few cit

12、ies in the world as hilly. H. In fact, Newman believes the main reason for adopting one sort of transport over another is politics: “The more democratic the process, the more public transport is favoured.“ He considers Portland, Oregon, a perfect example of this. Some years ago, federal money was gr

13、anted to build a new road. However, local pressure groups forced a referendum over whether to spend the money on light rail instead. The rail proposal won and the railway worked spectacularly well. In the years that have followed, more and more rail systems have been put in, dramatically changing th

14、e nature of the city. Newman notes that Portland has about the same population as Perth and had a similar population density at the time. I. In the UK, travel times to work had been stable for at least six centuries, with people avoiding situations that required them to spend more than half an hour

15、travelling to work. Trains and cars initially allowed people to live at greater distances without taking longer to reach their destination. However, public infrastructure did not keep pace with urban sprawl, causing massive congestion problems which now make commuting times far higher. J. There is a

16、 widespread belief that increasing wealth encourages people to live farther out where cars are the only viable transport. The example of European cities refutes that. They are often wealthier than their American counterparts but have not generated the same level of car use. In Stockholm, car use has

17、 actually fallen in recent years as the city has become larger and wealthier. A new study makes this point even more starkly. Developing cities in Asia, such as Jakarta and Bangkok, make more use of the car than wealthy Asian cities such as Tokyo and Singapore. In cities that developed later, the Wo

18、rld Bank and Asian Development Bank discouraged the building of public transport and people have been forced to rely on carscreating the massive traffic jams that characterize those cities. K. Newman believes one of the best studies on how cities built for cars might be converted to rail use is The

19、Urban Village report, which used Melbourne as an example. It found that pushing everyone into the city centre was not the best approach. Instead, the proposal advocated the creation of urban villages at hundreds of sites, mostly around railway stations. L. It was once assumed that improvements in te

20、lecommunications would lead to more dispersal in the population as people were no longer forced into cities. However, the ISTP team“s research demonstrates that the population and job density of cities rose or remained constant in the 1980s after decades of decline. The explanation for this seems to

21、 be that it is valuable to place people working in related fields together. “The new world will largely depend on human creativity, and creativity flourishes where people come together face-to-face.“（分数：71.00）(1).In Melbourne, people prefer to live in the inner suburbs.（分数：7.10）(2).Auckland is hilly

22、, therefore it is inappropriate for it to develop rail transport system.（分数：7.10）(3).In the UK, travel times to work increase because public infrastructure did not keep pace with urban sprawl.（分数：7.10）(4).The ISTP study examined public and private systems in thirty-seven cities around the world.（分数：

23、7.10）(5).The Urban Village used Melbourne to illustrate that we should avoid an overcrowded centre.（分数：7.10）(6).Efficient cities can improve the quality of life for their inhabitants.（分数：7.10）(7).Cities with high levels of bicycle usage can be efficient even when public transport is only averagely g

24、ood.（分数：7.10）(8).The example of European cities shows that higher incomes need not mean more cars.（分数：7.10）(9).Portland profitably moved from road to light rail transport system.（分数：7.10）(10).The fact that the population and job density of cities rose or remained constant in the 1980s demonstrates t

25、hat working together in cities is beneficial.（分数：7.10）四、Section B(总题数：0，分数：0.00)五、Passage One(总题数：2，分数：91.00)Fertilizer use has exploded, overloading plants worldwide, likely altering ecosystems for decades to centuries, scientists report Thursday. In the journal Science, a review led by Donald Canf

26、ield of the University of Southern Denmark found that fertilizer use worldwide increased 800% from 1960 to 2000. “Given the rising costs of synthetic fertilizer production, this overuse is not only economically expensive, but also initiates a series of large-scale environmental impacts,“ says the re

27、view. Fundamentally, nitrogen from fertilizers has led to an explosion in “dead zones“ in seas and oceans, upsetting a cycle of nutrients balanced with growth that has lasted for billions of years, the authors find. As well, the excess nitrogen is forming large amounts of nitrous oxide (一氧化二氮), a po

28、werful greenhouse gas in wetlands, adding to climate change. Agriculture today produces about a quarter of the nitrous oxide in the atmosphere. “The effects of humans have been profound. In the last few decades we have doubled the worldwide biological availability of nitrogen, an element that often

29、limits growth of plants and algae,“ says Thomas Jordan of the Smithsonian Environmental Research Center in Edgewater, Md., who was not part of the review. The review, “is a very careful analysis of the nitrogen cycle by three of the world authorities in this area,“ says biochemist Robert Blankenship

30、 of Washington University in St. Louis, who also was not part of the review. “The concerns they raise for how the nitrogen cycle is now significantly out of balance are important and need to be addressed by changing agricultural practices. The world“s food supply depends directly on nitrogen applica

31、tion in the form of fertilizer, but current practices are such that much of the applied nitrogen ends up in rivers and eventually in the ocean where it causes serious problems.“ “Natural feedbacks driven by microorganisms will likely produce a new steady state over time scales of many decades,“ say

32、the review authors. “However, because of the projected increase in human population through at least 2050, there will be demand for an increase in fixed nitrogen for crops to feed this population.“ And that will mean a lot more dead zones, they warn, like the one that blooms yearly, in 2010 about th

33、e size of New Jersey, in the Gulf of Mexico. “Several new approaches and a much wider use of more sustainable time-honored practices, however, can decrease nitrogen use substantially,“ they conclude. The rising cost and environmental toll of fertilizers will increase demand for less use on farms, th

34、ey add. “However, even with management, the future cycle will likely be different from the one that preceded the Industrial Revolution.“（分数：71.00）(1).Fertilizers impose great impact on the environment because _.（分数：14.20）A.they are mainly syntheticB.they are increasingly costlyC.they contain few nut

35、rientsD.they release much nitrogen(2).Thomas Jordan is most likely to believe that _.（分数：14.20）A.the review in Science is not convincing enoughB.the findings of the review in Science are justifiedC.humans produce worse effects than nitrogenD.the effects of nitrogen have been neglected(3).According t

36、o Robert Blankenship, the nitrogen cycle is out of balance because _.（分数：14.20）A.nitrogen is applied in the form of fertilizerB.much nitrogen ends up in seas and oceansC.food supply depends directly on nitrogenD.much nitrogen is applied in agriculture(4).What happens to the “dead zones“ year by year

37、?（分数：14.20）A.The sizes of such zones keep expanding.B.The human population in such zones keeps increasing.C.There is an increasing demand for crops in such zones.D.Microorganisms grow well in such zones.(5).It is concluded in the review that _.（分数：14.20）A.the use of nitrogen will become sustainableB

38、.the use of nitrogen will disappear from farmsC.the demand for nitrogen will decreaseD.the demand for nitrogen will increaseMaybe unemployment isn“t so bad after all. A new study says that, income notwithstanding, having a demanding, unstable and thankless job may make you even unhappier than not ha

39、ving a job at all. Given that a paid position gives workers purpose and a structured role, researchers had long thought that having any job would make a person happier than being unemployed. That turns out to be true if you move into a high-quality jobbut taking a bad job is detrimental to mental he

40、alth. Australian National University researchers looked at how various psychosocial work attributes affect well-being. They found that poor-quality jobsthose with high demands, low control over decision making, high job insecurity and an effort-reward imbalancehad more adverse effects on mental heal

41、th than joblessness. The researchers analyzed seven years of data from more than 7,000 respondents of an Australian labour survey for their Occupational and Environmental Medicine study in which they wrote: As hypothesized, we found that those respondents who were unemployed had significantly poorer

42、 mental health than those who were employed. However, the mental health of those who were unemployed was comparable or more often superior to those in jobs of the poorest psychosocial quality. The current results therefore suggest that employment strategies seeking to promote positive outcomes for u

43、nemployed individuals need to also take account of job design and workplace policy. Moving from unemployment to a job with high psychosocial quality was associated with improvements in mental health, the author said. Meanwhile, the mental health of people in the least-satisfying jobs declined the mo

44、st over timeand the worse the job, the more it affected workers“ well-being. Unemployed people in the Australian study had a mental-health score (based on the five-item Mental Health Inventory, which measures depression, anxiety and positive well-being in the previous month) of 68.5. Employed people

45、 had an average score of 75.1. The researchers found that moving from unemployment to a good job raised workers“ scores by 3.3 points, but taking a bad job led to a 5.6-point drop below average. That was worse than remaining unemployed, which led to decline of about one point. These findings undersc

46、ore the importance of employment to a person“s well-being. Rather than seeking any new job, the study suggests that people who are unemployed or stuck doing lousy work should seek new positions that offer more security, autonomy and a reasonable workload. But that“s a lot easier said than done. Perh

47、aps employers could be persuaded to be more mindful of the mental health of their workershappier employees are a benefit to their employers. “The erosion of work conditions,“ the researchers noted, “may incur a health cost, which over the longer term will be both economically and socially counterpro

48、ductive.“（分数：20.00）(1).The traditional thought that having any job is better than being unemployed is true when _.（分数：4.00）A.the element of salary is consideredB.people have a sense of accomplishmentC.people take a high-quality jobD.people do not have to work overtime(2).The word “detrimental“ (Line

49、 4, Para.2) may be replaced by _.（分数：4.00）A.favourableB.harmfulC.necessaryD.important(3).Which of the followings is not a characteristic of poor-quality jobs?（分数：4.00）A.High sense of achievement.B.High demands.C.Low control over decision making.D.High job insecurity.(4).What does the study carried out by researchers from Australian National University suggest?（分数：4.00）A.The employment strategies are poorly designed.B.The mental health of those who were unemployed