大学四级-1440及答案解析.doc

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1、大学四级-1440 及答案解析(总分：712.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、Part Writing(总题数：1，分数：106.00)1.每逢节日都会有大量的祝福短信被转发 2有人认为转发祝福短信显得不真挚，有人不这样认为 3你的看法（分数：106.00）_二、Part Reading Compr(总题数：1，分数：70.00)How Psychology Can Help the Planet Stay Cool“Im not convinced its as bad as the experts make out. Its everyone elses fault. Even if I

2、turn off my air conditioner, it will make no difference.“ The list of reasons for not acting to combat global warming goes on and on. This month, American Psychological Association (APA) released a report highlighting these and other psychological barriers standing in the way of action. But dont des

3、pair. The report also points to strategies that could be used to convince us to play our part. Sourced from psychological experiments, we review tricks that could be used by companies or organisations to encourage climate-friendly behaviour. In addition, psychologist Mark van Vugt of the Free Univer

4、sity of Amsterdam describes the elements of human nature that push us to act unselfishly. Appropriate guides As advertisers of consumer products well know, different groups of people may have quite distinct interests and motivations, and messages that seek to change behaviour need to be tailored to

5、take these into account. “You have to target the marketing to a particular sector of the population,“ says Robert Gifford of the University of Victoria, another of the reports authors. The wealthy young, for instance, tend to be diet conscious, and this could be used to steer them away from foods li

6、ke cheeseburgers-one of the most climate-unfriendly meals around because of the energy it takes to raise cattle. So when trying to convince them to give up that carbon-intensive beef pie, better to stress health benefits than the global climate. Though conservative authorities have been known to att

7、ack such efforts, characterising them as mind control, experiments indicate that people are willing to be persuaded. “From participants in our experiments, weve never heard a negative feedback,“ says Wesley Schultz of California State University. In fact, according to John Petersen of Oberlin Colleg

8、e, we are used to far worse. “Compared to the overwhelming number of advertising, it seems milder than anything I experience in my daily life,“ he says. Good neighbours Deep down, most of us want to fit in with the crowd, and psychologists are exploiting this urge to encourage environmentally friend

9、ly behaviour. Researchers led by Wesley Schultz at California State University and Jessica Nolan, now at the University of Scranton, have found that people will cut their electricity usage if told that their neighbours use less than they do. In one experiment, the researchers left information with h

10、ouseholds in San Marcos asking them to use fans rather than air conditioners at night, turn off lights and take shorter showers. Some messages simply stressed energy conservation, some talked about future generations, while others emphasised the financial savings. But it was the flyers(传单) that aske

11、d residents to join with their neighbours in saving energy that were most effective in cutting electricity consumption. In another study, the researchers told households what others in their neighbourhood used on average. High users cut their consumption in response, but low users increased theirs.

12、The problem disappeared if the messages were reinforced with sad or smiling faces. The smiles received by the residents who were already saving energy provided sufficient encouragement for them to keep doing so. Information economy Most people seem to conserve energy if provided with real-time feedb

13、ack on how much they are using. But feedback can be too immediate. For instance, Janet Swim has a General Motors car that shows her mileage(里程) per gallon each time she accelerates. Its just not very useful, she argues, because its hard to place that momentary piece of feedback in the context of her

14、 overall driving behaviour and fuel efficiency. In contrast, the Toyota Prius display shows mileage per gallon over 5-minute intervals for the previous halfhour. With that contextual information, people can experiment with different driving styles to see how they affect mileage, and even compete wit

15、h themselves to improve over time. The 2010 Honda Insight goes one better, flashing up an image of a prize to reward economical driving. The benefits of feedback are not restricted to car gadgets(小装置). Studies show that devices that display domestic energy usage produce savings of between 5 and 12 p

16、ercent. Here and now People have to be persuaded to act on climate change even though the benefit wont be felt for decades. Research by David Hardisty and Elke Weber of Columbia University suggests ways to achieve this. Hardisty and Weber have found that people respond in exactly the same way to dec

17、isions involving future environmental gains and losses as they do when making financial decisions. This allows psychologists knowledge of how to control financial decision-making to be brought into play. For instance, schemes that give people a cash payment in advance for insulating(使隔热) their home

18、will work better than those promising long-term savings, even if the people receiving cash end up paying a little more in the long run. And because we are generally more worried about future losses than we are impressed by future gains, messages are more effective if framed to warn people that they

19、will lose $500 over 10 years if they dont follow a particular course of action to limit climate change than if they are told theyll be $500 better off if they do take action. Social networks As social animals, we like to interact with others and take inspiration from their actions. Psychologists are

20、 working out how to exploit this to spread behaviours that will help limit climate change. “My sense is that social networks are going to be important,“ says Swim. Allowing people to document successes in saving energy on their Facebook pages could drive change among their friends, and the Oberlin t

21、eam is considering integrating this into its urban residence experiment. Tawanna Dillahunt and colleagues at Carnegie Mellon University, think such opportunities presented by Facebook can be combined with our liking for animals. Inspired by the attachment that people can develop towards Tamagotchi v

22、irtual pets, the team is testing the compelling power of a “virtual polar bear“ standing on a sheet of floating ice that grows bigger as people adopt environmentally friendly behaviours such as taking shorter showers. Initial results suggest the polar bear has pull.（分数：70.00）(1).The report by APA su

23、mmarises the strategies to encourage climate-friendly behaviour on the basis of _.（分数：7.00）A.public pollsB.random interviewsC.psychological experimentsD.scientific theories(2).Its better to persuade the wealthy young out of carbon-intensive food by _.（分数：7.00）A.warning the global warmingB.advertisin

24、g on newspapersC.stressing the financial gainD.emphasizing health benefits(3).In the experiment by Wesley Sehultz of California State University, _.（分数：7.00）A.mind control turned out be a failureB.the feedback from participants was negativeC.no participant lodged a complaintD.searchers successfully

25、convinced all participants(4).What are psychologists making use of to encourage environmentally friendly behaviour?（分数：7.00）A.Peoples nature of comparing with each other.B.Humans desire to fit in with the crowd.C.Humans liking to be superior to others.D.Peoples benefits from their neighbours.(5).Wha

26、ts the most effective way to convince residents to cut electricity consumption?（分数：7.00）A.Messages stressing energy conservation.B.Flyers talking about future generations.C.Flyers related with neighbours behaviour.D.Advertisements emphasizing financial savings.(6).The 2010 Honda Insight has a device

27、 that _.（分数：7.00）A.encourages drivers to chive economicallyB.flashes up an image as a warning signalC.shows mileage per gallon every 5 minutesD.conserves energy for the drivers(7).The research by Hardisty and Weber aims at _.（分数：7.00）A.changing peoples view on climate changeB.altering peoples concep

28、t on consumptionC.seeking ways to convince people to limit climate changeD.increasing the benefit from acting on climate change(8).When talking people into taking action, its more effective to tell them future losses than_.（分数：7.00）填空项 1:_(9).According to Swim,_will be important to spread behaviours

29、 that will help limit climate change.（分数：7.00）填空项 1:_(10).According to Tawanna Dillahunt and colleagues, successes in saving energy by Facebook and our liking for animals can be_.（分数：7.00）填空项 1:_三、Part Listening Com(总题数：0，分数：0.00)四、Section A(总题数：3，分数：105.00)A.Its very traditional.B.Its terrific.C.It

30、s too modern.D.Its enjoyable.A.He stayed up too late last night.B.He went to bed too early last night.C.He went to the zoo with his son yesterday.D.He worked overtime yesterday.A.The woman met Jim by chance last Friday.B.The man contacted Jim on business three months ago.C.The man received a phone c

31、all from Jim last Friday.D.The woman injured Jim in a traffic accident last Friday.A.Buy a dictionary for herself.B.Take a dictionary out of the library.C.Use whatever dictionaries in the library.D.Borrow a dictionary from Professor Smith.A.He is fond of drinking coffee.B.Professor Blacks lectures w

32、ere interesting.C.He skipped Professor Blacks classes.D.Professor Blacks lectures were boring.A.He prefers shorter working hours.B.He expects a vacation.C.He prefers to have a higher position.D.He wants to earn more money.A.Meeting each other at the railway station.B.Complaining about the poor servi

33、ce.C.Discussing their plan for New Years Day.D.Saying goodbye to each other at the railway station.A.Submitted his opinion.B.Read the suggestions in haste.C.Formed a proposal.D.Calculated his income tax.Questions 19 to 21 are based on the conversation you have just heard.（分数：21.00）(1).What does the

34、woman mainly talk about?（分数：7.00）A.Recycling and its benefits.B.The group she belongs to.C.Her belief on environmental protection.D.The project her group is involved in.(2).What is the goal of the womans group?（分数：7.00）A.To get funding from the citys recycling center.B.To raise peoples awareness of

35、recycling.C.To force the government to change its actions on plant funding.D.To prevent the government from funding the main plant.(3).What form of protest did the RRR use?（分数：7.00）A.Writing an article in the newspapers.B.Dumping garbage on the city lawn.C.Publishing an editorial to show disapproval

36、.D.Organizing several strikes in the streets.Questions 22 to 25 are based on the conversation you have just heard.（分数：28.00）(1).What is the main purpose of the mans visit this year?（分数：7.00）A.To spend a holiday and see friends.B.To attend the Arts Festival.C.To visit the exhibition of cellos.D.To gi

37、ve private cello lessons.(2).What do we learn about the mans cello?（分数：7.00）A.It was specially made for him by his uncle.B.He got it from his uncle.C.He has been using it since the age of eight.D.A cello maker gave it to him as a present.(3).What is the size of the mans cello when he began to learn?

38、（分数：7.00）A.Half size.B.Two-thirds size.C.Full size.D.Three-fifths size.(4).How does the man do with his cello when hes traveling?（分数：7.00）A.He reserves a seat for it.B.He leaves it at home.C.He ships it by express.D.He shares the seat with it.五、Section B(总题数：3，分数：70.00)Passage One（分数：28.00）(1).Accor

39、ding to the speaker,what is the definition of senior citizens?（分数：7.00）A.People who are over 65 years old.B.People whose life is different from younger ones.C.People who retire from full-time work.D.People who live far away from their family.(2).What do most senior citizens care when they are gettin

40、g older?（分数：7.00）A.Money.B.Safety.C.Family.D.Health.(3).According to the speaker,what kind of communities do senior citizens prefer?（分数：7.00）A.Communities near their family.B.Communities in big cities.C.Communities in warm climates.D.Communities in the countryside.(4).Why are senior citizens gaining

41、 more social influence?（分数：7.00）A.The number of senior citizens is increasing rapidly.B.The problem of senior citizen becomes more serious.C.Senior citizens are less active than before.D.More senior citizens are involved in politics.Passage Two（分数：21.00）(1).What does the speaker say about Ann Richar

42、ds?（分数：7.00）A.She was famous for her sharply funny comments.B.She served as the governor of Texas for 2 years.C.She helped black people to get their rights.D.She worked as a teacher of four students.(2).What did Ann Richards do before she worked as the treasurer of Texas?（分数：7.00）A.Deputy Secretary.

43、B.Foreign minister.C.Country commissioner.D.State governor.(3).What do we learn from the words of Bill Clinton?（分数：7.00）A.Ann Richards created a world for all the young people.B.Ann Richards was the greatest feminist in the US.C.Ann Richards helped young girls find their places.D.Ann Richards was a

44、kind-hearted person.Passage Three（分数：21.00）(1).According to the speaker,what is the solution to prevent excessive praise and criticism?（分数：7.00）A.Accepting the criticism and ignore the praise.B.Understanding the reason behind peoples criticism.C.Stopping caring other peoples opinions.D.Smiling to al

45、l the praise and criticism.(2).What will the speaker do if someone finds a grammatical mistake in his article?（分数：7.00）A.Thank the person.B.Correct it happily.C.Ignore the mistake.D.Cancel the publication.(3).What will the speaker think if several people enjoyed a topic?（分数：7.00）A.The topic is worth

46、 discussing again.B.The topic is funny and meaningful.C.The topic needs to be well understood.D.The topic has to be changed.六、Section C(总题数：1，分数：77.00)If you are hungry, what do yon do? (36) a piece of your favorite meal and stay quiet after that? Just like your (37) , even your mind is hungry. But

47、it never lets you know, because you keep it busy thinking about your dream lover, favorite star and many such ridiculous things. When a mind (38) its freedom to grow, creativity gets a full stop. Hunger of the mind can be actually satiated(满足) through (39) reading. Now why reading and not watching T

48、V? Because reading has been the most educative tool. Just like that to develop other (40) of our life, we have to take help of reading. Once you read a book, you just dont run your eyes through the (41) , but even your mind explains it to you. The (42) part of the book is (43) in your mind as a seed

49、. Now this seed is unknowingly used by you in your future to develop new ideas. (44) , of which you would have never thought of in your wildest dreams! This is nothing but creativity. (45) .Also this improves your speech skills to a large extent and also makes a significant contribution to your vocabulary. (46) and you never seem to run out of the right words at t