大学生英语竞赛(NECCS)A类研究生英语-21及答案解析.doc

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1、大学生英语竞赛(NECCS)A 类研究生英语-21 及答案解析(总分：100.00，做题时间：90 分钟)二、Section A(总题数：4，分数：36.00)Instructions: Translate the underlined sentences of the following passage into Chinese. Remember to write the answers on the Answer Sheet. People have attempted to simulate human voices in machines for quite some time. I

2、n the late 1700s, Hungarian scientist Wolfgang yon Kempelen used whistles, resonance chambers, and other objects to create voice sounds for his “Speaking Machine.“ With the rise of computers, scientists were able to create artificial voices by storing and digitally processing real voice sounds. By t

3、he 1970s, these computer-generated voices were widely used. Although these early voices were understandable, they had a distinct mechanical or “robotic“ sound to them. Coming up with more natural-sounding voices has been a challenge due to the complex nature of language. 1 To produce a natural-sound

4、ing voice, scientists need to simulate not only the individual sounds of a language, but also the volume, pitch, rhythm, and tones that help to express meaning. Natural-sounding computer voices are now used to provide information to people in a variety of applications, from automated phone lines to

5、language learning programs. Many systems are also able to listen to users“ questions and statements and respond to them. One good example of this comes from the BMW car company. BMW has programmed cars to both listen and speak to the driver. 2 The car can give directions, provide warnings and inform

6、ation about traffic and safety conditions, and even control certain functions, such as raising or lowering the windows or playing music. When BMW first released cars with a computer-generated voice, many drivers had a negative reaction to it because drivers perceived the voice as female. German driv

7、ers were uncomfortable with a “female“ voice giving directions. As a result, BMW recalled the cars and gave them “male“ voices. The reaction to the female voice was emotional. It had no reasoning behind it. Common sense says that the “gender“ of the voice in the car shouldn“t matter because drivers

8、know that they are listening to a computer, not a person. 3 But even without a visual representation of the voice, such as a male or female face, people reacted with the same stereotypes they would apply to a person. Studies have also shown that people react similarly to other aspects of computer vo

9、ices, such as the “personality“ of the voice or its level of “politeness.“ Researchers now know that voice interfaces are actually social interfaces; that is, people will react to a computer using the same rules and expectations that they would apply to people. 4 As a result, designers of these syst

10、ems consider not only the sounds of the voices they use, but also their psychological effect on users.（分数：8.00）_Instructions: Translate the underlined sentences of the following passage into Chinese. Remember to write the answers on the Answer Sheet. What determines the kind of person each of us dev

11、elops into over a lifetime? How much are we influenced by our home environment, and how much are we influenced by our genes? 5 One way that psychologists have tried to answer these questions is by studying twins: identical twins (coming from one fertilized egg, so sharing the same genes) and fratern

12、al twins (coming from different eggs, so sharing 50%of their genes). By comparing these two groups, researchers hope to be able to estimate the influence of genes versus the influence of environment on the development of many human traits, such as personality, talents, interests, and attitudes. Psyc

13、hologists from the University of Minnesota have conducted several different studies with over 8,000 pairs of twins and their families. 6 To determine what accounts for differences between twins, they have compared identical twins who were raised together with identical twins who were separated at bi

14、rth and raised in different families. Their assumption is that any similarity in twins who are raised together can be attributed to both genes and environment, whereas similarities in twins raised apart are due only to genes, since they had different environments while growing up. Their studies indi

15、cate that genes have about a 50%influence on our personalities. while our environment accounts for the other 50% 7 Researchers in this study have also tried to test the theory that we each develop a set of criteria for choosing a mate based on our genes and our unique experiences growing up. To do t

16、his, researchers compared the spouses of male identical twins who were raised together. They found that the spouses of these identical twins were not much more similar to each other than random pairs of people. They also found that two-thirds of the twins were“ indifferent“ to their twin“s mate or “

17、actively disliked“ her. These results indicate that neither our genes nor our upbringing is a good pre-dictor of the spouse we choose. Instead, researchers behave this choice appears to be random, and based more on whom we are near when we are ready to fall in love. Another question this study has s

18、ought to answer is whether twins become more or less similar as they mature. They found that as identical twins age, they become less similar in their physical appearance, but more similar in their abilities, such as mathematical skills. On the other hand, as fraternal twins age they become less sim

19、ilar in these abilities. Some psychologists are skeptical of twin studies. 8 These critics question some of the assumptions made by twin researchers, such as the assumption that identical twins and fraternal twins have similar environments, or that identical twins raised apart are raised in very dif

20、ferent environments. Some believe that, even in the same environment, there can be disparities in the way this environment affects siblings. As a result, it is difficult to determine clearly how much of our personality is genetically inherited and how much is determined by our environment.（分数：8.00）_

21、Translate the underlined sentences in the following passage into Chinese. Remember to write the answers on the Answer Sheet. Is the glass half-full or haft-empty? Depends whether you“re an optimist or a pessimist. But those two words are more than casual labels: research has established that 9 optim

22、ists have a consistent and upbeat way of dealing with adversity and that they are more successful in work, health and life in general than pessimists. Optimists bounce back from trying times, generally with good grace, and see failure as a step-ping-stone to success. Any problem tends to be minimise

23、d and dealt with later while the rest of life goes on as usual. 10 Their upbeat approach, resilience and perseverance makes them ideal for jobs in highpressure areas where setbacks are part of the territory: sales, brokering, public relations, presenting, creative jobs and high burn-out posts. They

24、are often a company“s visionaries. Pessimists, however, risk unravelling and sinking into depression when one thread of their life breaks. They are less likely to cope well with setbacks; they give up early or seek excuses. Both types can be identified through optimism profiling, based on the pionee

25、ring work of American psychologist Martin Seligman, of the University of Pennsylvania. Various studies, quoted in Seligman“s book, Learned Optimism, found that pessimists have twice as many infectious diseases as optimists. 11 In hundreds of studies, people with high optimism scores out-performed an

26、d out-produced those with low scores, equating in sales terms to 20 to 40 percent greater productivity. More recent research shows optimistic and resilient people“s belief that they have control over seemingly uncontrollable events enables specific molecules to be released by the brain that increase

27、 stress resilience, reduce anxiety and make for a less vivid emotional memory of stressful events. 12 What you think and how you explain good and bad events to yourself is the key to resilience. Heavy pessimism can be moderated. Among the techniques is “thought-stopping“, a way of blocking unhelpful

28、 rumination-you make an appointment with yourself to worry about it, and the unconscious mind feels relieved of it. And in practice, people generally never get around to the appointment-the need to worry has gone. Another major technique is learning how to dispute one“s own critical internal explana

29、tions. However, mild pessimism does have its place. 13 According to Seligman the mildly downbeat do well in low-pressure settings on jobs requiring a keen sense of realism: design and safety engineering, contract negotiation, law, statistics, technical writing, quality control, industrial relations

30、management, and technical and cost estimating. Says Seligman: “The company also needs its pessimists; they must make sure grim reality intrudes upon the optimists. The treasurers, the business administrators, the safety engineersall these need an accurate sense of how much the company can afford, an

31、d of danger.“（分数：10.00）_Translate the underlined sentences in the following passage into Chinese. Remember to write the answers on the answer sheet. Top UK Universities Warn of Damage from Budget Cuts. The heads of 20 of the UK“s most prestigious universities have warned that government plans to cut

32、 funding will lead to a higher education“ meltdown“. In an article for the Guardian, the Russell Group said the gold standard education they now offer would be reduced to one of bronze or worse. 14 Universities are facing cuts of more than 900m over the next three years, and fear worse is still to c

33、ome. The government said funding for frontline teaching was protected. The strongly worded article by the university heads is intended as a dire warning against forcing universities to bear brunt of the need to slash public after the general election. （分数：10.00）_三、Section B(总题数：4，分数：64.00)Instructio

34、ns: Translate the following sentences into English, using the words given in the brackets. Remember to write the answers on the Answer Sheet.（分数：12.00）(1).由于再也没听到他的消息，我们搞不清他是否出国了。(wonder)（分数：4.00）_(2).威廉刚要走出办公室，碰见了他的老朋友马克。(run into)（分数：4.00）_(3).他在这家公司仅干了一年，但他用自己辛勤的工作给大家留下了深刻的印象。(make a mark)（分数：4.0

35、0）_Instructions: Translate the following sentences into English, using the words given in the brackets. Remember to write the answers on the Answer Sheet.（分数：12.00）(1).我宁愿自己花十年来做这件事情也不愿求助于他。(would rather.than)（分数：4.00）_(2).在他卷入一系列的丑闻事件之后，选民们不再支持他。(turn away from)（分数：4.00）_(3).根据我们的调查，西雅图(Seattle)现在是

36、设立企业的最佳地点，取代了亚特兰大(Atlanta)作为最热门地点的地位。(elbow out)（分数：4.00）_Translate the following sentences into English, using the words given in the brackets. Remember to write your answers on the Answer Sheet.（分数：20.00）(1).你必须记住，如果你失去信心，你就没有更多的东西可以失去了。(bear in mind)（分数：4.00）_(2).在经济发展中，我们要特别重视人口控制、资源节约和环境保护。(att

37、ach to)（分数：4.00）_(3).他一生中每天都以某种方式有所提高。(never.not)（分数：4.00）_(4).建立一个稳固的家庭不仅可以为未来的成功打下基础，而且会赋予生活更深刻的意义。(not only.but)（分数：4.00）_(5).我甚至没有同他说话，当然更谈不上跟他谈你的问题了。(much less)（分数：4.00）_Translate the underlined sentences of the following passage into English. Remember to write the answers on the answer sheet 中

38、国 2010 年上海世博会吉祥物的名字叫“海宝(Haibao)”，意即“四海之宝”。 12 “海宝”的名字朗朗上口，与其身体的色彩响应，符合中国民俗的吉祥称谓原则。 世博会和奥运会、世界杯等超大型活动一样，都十分重视吉祥物对于演绎主题、传承文化的重要作用。 13 历届世会吉祥物(mascot)不仅是世博会形象品牌的重要载体，而且体现了世博会举办国家、承办城市独特的文化魅力。 中国 2010 年上海世博会吉祥物在设计理念上努力实现以下 一、体现主办国家的文化 14 2010 的上海世博会是由中国举办、上海承办的全球盛会。 上海世博会吉祥物设计必须包含中国的文化特征，彰显中国的文化精神，反映上海世

39、博会中外文化交流的特征。 二、演绎上海世博会“城市。让生活更美好”的主题 15 中国 2010 年上海世博会吉祥物应该与历届世博会或其他国际大型活动已有的吉祥物形象存主题表现、造型设计等方面有明显区别。吉祥物形象要通过创意提炼、造型设计、理念阐述、性格设定、动作演绎等手段，充分表达上海世博会“城市，让生活更美好”的主题。 16 设计思路和理念要清晰而独特。契合主题且易于为广大群众理解。 （分数：20.00）_大学生英语竞赛(NECCS)A 类研究生英语-21 答案解析(总分：100.00，做题时间：90 分钟)二、Section A(总题数：4，分数：36.00)Instructions: Translate the underlined sentences of the following passage into Chinese. Remember to write the answers on the Answer Sheet. People have attempted to simulate human voices in machines for quite some time. In the late 1700s, Hungarian scientist Wolfgang