大学四级-40及答案解析.doc

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1、大学四级-40 及答案解析(总分：713.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、BPart Writing(总题数：1，分数：106.00)1.悲观的人说地球上的资源早晚得耗尽；2. 乐观的人说只要想办法总能利用好这些资源；3. 你的看法How to Solve Energy Shortage?_（分数：106.00）_二、BPart Reading (总题数：1，分数：70.00)Directions: In this part, you will have 15 minutes to go over the passage quickly and answer the questions on

2、Answer Sheet 1. For questions 1-7, choose the best answer from the .four choices marked A), B), C) and D ). For questions 8-10, complete the sentences with the information given in the passage.Video Game AddictionAddiction has been defined as “A primary, chronic disease, characterized by impaired co

3、ntrol over the use of a psychoactive substance and/or behavior. Clinically, the manifestations occur along biological, psychological, sociological and spiritual dimensions. “ While there is currently no category for video game addiction in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders(DS

4、MMD), which is the manual utilized to diagnose psychological disorders, video game addicts are often described by clinicians in the field as displaying many symptoms characteristic of other addictions. These behaviors include failure to stop playing games, difficulties in work or school, telling lie

5、s to loved ones, decreased attention to personal hygiene, decreased attention to family and friends, and disturbances in the sleep cycle. Withdrawal symptoms can even include behaviors as severe as shaking.All addictions can be dangerous and harmful to the addicted person and others around him; howe

6、ver, video game addiction can be particularly detrimental to children. Video games are becoming increasingly popular with children of young ages, which in turn may raise the likelihood that these children will develop addictions to video games. Furthermore, playing violent games may be associated wi

7、th a tendency to behave more aggressively, although the data are inconclusive about the cause and effect nature of this relationship. In a study by Irwin and Gross, children who played a violent video game displayed a higher level of aggression than children who played a nonviolent game. Similarly,

8、in a study by Calvert and Tan, college students who played a violent video game reported more aggressive thoughts after playing the game than college students who played a nonviolent game. Although several researchers advocate the position that video games cause violent behavior in children and adul

9、ts, there are also many researchers who support the opposite belief, which is that video games purge ones desire to act violently and thus reduce the amount of violence in which a person will engage. Other detrimental effects of video games include taking time away from a childs studies or homework

10、and decreased social skills. Finally, despite possible detrimental effects of excessive video game playing, there are benefits to playing video games in moderation. For instance, video games may improve spatial abilities, the ability to create and apply multiple strategies, and may help develop crit

11、ical analyzing techniques. Due to the nature of video games, psychological, social, and neurological factors have all been associated with excessive video game playing.The psychological cycle of substance addiction and other maladaptive behaviors can be applied to video games as well. A person playi

12、ng a video game feels an emotional high, commonly, as a result of his gaming tactics. He then plays the game more and pushes his physical and psychological limits in order to experience the emotional high. Eventually, he will again reach a level that stimulates the production of adrenaline. The cycl

13、e may continue until it leads to an unhealthy level of interaction with video games, which some professionals may label video game addiction. Even famous psychological effects such as the sunk cost fallacy can influence the addictive cycle. This fallacy occurs when a person feels compelled to contin

14、ue performing a certain behavior because he has previously invested time in the behavior and does not want to feel as though his investment was wasted. Similarly, Dr. Timothy Miller, a clinical psychologist, states that many video game players may feel that they have wasted their efforts if they do

15、not reach the next goal in a game, which may lead to additional time spent playing the game that the person otherwise would have spent in a more constructive task .According to Dr. Orzack, the Director of Computer Addiction Services at McLean Hospital, social pressure or lack of social skills can al

16、so lead to video game addiction. Dr. Orzaek suggests that many video game addicts have struggled with finding their place in society and as a result play video games in order to become part of a crowd. The players then may feel compelled to reach the next level of achievement in the game in order to

17、 flaunt their abilities in front of their peer group. While these social effects are important to consider when investigating the development of excessive video game playing, it is equally important to discuss the neurological effects as well.Not only can excessive video game playing cause behaviora

18、l and social changes in a person, but it can also result in neurological changes as well. A recent study utilized positron emission tomography in order to show that levels of the neurotransmitter dopamine increased while playing video games. Dopamine is believed to mediate several behaviors, one of

19、which is the experience of pleasure. For example, dopamine levels increase in emaciated rats when the rats are presented with food, and similar effects are found when water deprived rats are presented with water. Despite the positive effects of dopamine, high levels of the neurotransmitter have also

20、 been associated with addictions to drugs and substances. Because increased levels of dopamine have been found in people who are playing video games and because these effects are similar to the increased levels of dopamine in drug addicts, some researchers have hypothesized that higher levels of dop

21、amine can produce a dangerous cycle leading to addiction of video games. However, because this research is fairly novel, studies replicating the data are necessary. Furthermore, the possibility of involvement of other neurotransmitters during video game play should be explored since it is possible t

22、hat multiple neurotransmitters may interact in addictive behaviors. Finally, because this area of research is fairly new, many interesting questions can he raised. For instance, does excessive playing of video games cause a fundamental and permanent change in the dopamine system? If so, what are the

23、 subsequent effects on the pleasure systems of these individuals? Do these people require more dopamine to be released as a result of a decreased sensitivity to dopamine that was caused by the excessive play, in a way similar to other addictions ? If future studies demonstrate these patterns, and if

24、 they are considered in unison with the psychological and social ramifications of excessive video game playing, it can be concluded that the video game addiction can and does exist. In that case, the answer to the initial question of “Do we need a Video Garners Anonymous?“ is most certainly yes.（分数：

25、70.00）(1).Clinically, addiction appears together with _. A. psychological disorders, shaking, spiritual dimension B. biological and physiological disorders C. biological and psychological, sociological disorders D. psychological and behavioral disorders（分数：7.00）A.B.C.D.(2).The first paragraph tells

26、us that _. A. so far there is no exact definition for video game addiction in the DSMMD B. so far there isnt effective way to get rid of video game addiction C. clinicians often fail to help those who suffer from video game addiction D. withdrawal symptoms are most severe of all（分数：7.00）A.B.C.D.(3).

27、Video game addiction can be particularly harmful to children because _. A. they are too young to tell good video games from bad ones B. the increasing popularity of video games among them may develop their addiction C. young children would play video games all day long since they are so attractive D

28、. once they play with video games they would addict to them（分数：7.00）A.B.C.D.(4).Which of the following meanings has been mentioned in the second paragraph? A. All researchers agree that violent video games have negative impact on young players. B. Nobody agrees that violent video games have negative

29、 impact on the young players. C. Few researchers reach an agreement on the negative impact of the violent video games. D. There are different opinions on the negative influence of violent video games on young children.（分数：7.00）A.B.C.D.(5).The psychological cycle of playing video games is quite simil

30、ar to that of _. A. gaming tactics and emotions B. creation and application of multiple strategies C. substance addiction and other maladaptive behaviors D. purging ones desire for acting violently（分数：7.00）A.B.C.D.(6).According to Timothy Miller, the reason why the video game playing addicts develop

31、 their addiction is that _. A. they dont want to waste their time and efforts by stopping half way B. they will miss their goal in games C. they have invested too much time and energy D. they have been compelled to continue their games（分数：7.00）A.B.C.D.(7).According to Dr. Orzack ,another reason lead

32、ing to video game addiction is _. A. the players fail to find their place in society B. the players want to become part of a crowd C. the players are forced to reach the next level of achievement in the game D. the players need courage from the achievement from the game playing（分数：7.00）A.B.C.D.(8).E

33、xcessive video game leads to neurological changes other than _ in a person.（分数：7.00）填空项 1:_(9).In spite of the positive effects of dopamine, high levels of the neurotransmitter have also been related to _.（分数：7.00）填空项 1:_(10).For the reason that this area of research on video game addiction is new,

34、_ can be raised.（分数：7.00）填空项 1:_三、BPart Listenin(总题数：0，分数：0.00)四、BSection A/B(总题数：4，分数：105.00)Directions: In this section, you will hear 8 short conversations and 2 long conversations. At the end of each conversation, one or more questions will be asked about what was said. Both the conversation and

35、 the questions will be spoken only once. After each question there will be a pause. During the pause, you must read the four choices marked A) , B), C) and D), and decide which is the best answer. Then mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the centre.（分数：35.00）(1

36、). A. He slept well last night. B. He burnt something last night. C. He stayed up late last night. D. He worried about the test.（分数：7.00）A.B.C.D.(2). A. He is making a public advertisement. B. He is a salesman. C. He dose not agree with the woman. D. He is making a report.（分数：7.00）A.B.C.D.(3). A. Th

37、e man agrees with the woman. B. The man suggests they find the key point of the issue. C. The man thinks there is no meaning in dealing with that issue. D. The man would like to work on that issue.（分数：7.00）A.B.C.D.(4). A. The woman was sleeping and awoke by the man. B. The man was singing loudly. C.

38、 The man will leave the room. D. The woman was writing her paper.（分数：7.00）A.B.C.D.(5). A. The woman has got ready. B. The man has not got ready to leave. C. They have been late for a party. D. They will leave for a party.（分数：7.00）A.B.C.D.（分数：21.00）(1). A. Bob lost temper in the office for the first

39、time. B. The woman dislikes Bob. C. Bob used to be friendly with others in the office. D. The man shows his sympathy to Bob.（分数：7.00）A.B.C.D.(2). A. The woman was late for work this morning. B. The woman thought herself to be lucky. C. The woman lost her textbook. D. The woman lost her room key.（分数：

40、7.00）A.B.C.D.(3). A. The woman invites the man to watch a football game. B. The man will accept the womans invitation. C. The man is always a good dancer. D. The man will not accept the womans invitation.（分数：7.00）A.B.C.D.Questions 19 to 22 are based on the conversation you have just heard. （分数：28.00

41、）(1). A. Why Carl could cook so well. B. Why a lot of males are becoming interested in cooking. C. Why she could not do a good job in cooking. D. How to make out a good cook.（分数：7.00）A.B.C.D.(2). A. Celebrity chefs on TV set good examples for males. B. Males offer to share domestic chores. C. Males

42、seem to be cool when cooking. D. Young women are becoming less interested in cooking.（分数：7.00）A.B.C.D.(3). A. She thinks it is womens duty to do cooking. B. She assumes it not a good change for men to do cooking. C. She thinks women still do most of the cooking though men offer to help cooking. D. S

43、he hopes men could do most of cooking in home.（分数：7.00）A.B.C.D.(4). A. He thinks that males should offer to share housework. B. He thinks females should do most of the housework. C. He thinks men and women should share housework. D. He gives no comment on it.（分数：7.00）A.B.C.D.Questions 23 to 25 are b

44、ased on the conversation you have just heard. （分数：21.00）(1). A. He thinks Mary has not done enough to lose weight. B. He thinks Mary does well in dieting. C. He thinks Mary has overdone it in dieting. D. He is in favor of Marys dieting.（分数：7.00）A.B.C.D.(2). A. Refined foods. B. Processed foods. C. F

45、oods that are low in fiber. D. Fruits and vegetables.（分数：7.00）A.B.C.D.(3). A. To work out regularly. B. To take more unrefined foods. C. To go to bed early and get up early. D. To form a good eating habit.（分数：7.00）A.B.C.D.五、BSection B/B(总题数：3，分数：70.00)Directions: In this section, you will hear 3 sho

46、rt passages. At the end of each passage, you will hear some questions. Both the passage and the questions will be spoken only once. After you hear a question, you must choose the best answer from the four choices marked A), B) , C) and D). Then mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2 with a

47、single line through the centre.Passage OneQuestions 26 to 28 are based on the passage you have just heard. （分数：21.00）(1). A. His love letter to Anne Boleyn. B. Huge appetite and the habit of executing wives he was dissatisfied with. C. His charming personality. D. His great contribution to the count

48、rys development.（分数：7.00）A.B.C.D.(2). A. Anne failed to provide Henry with a child. B. Anne was charged by the chief minister with treason. C. Henry fell in love with Jane Seymour. D. Anne did not succeed in providing Henry with a male heir.（分数：7.00）A.B.C.D.(3). A. Henry married a total of six times. B. Henry ex