大学六级-1287及答案解析.doc

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1、大学六级-1287 及答案解析(总分：712.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、Part Writing(总题数：1，分数：106.00)1.Is Beauty an Advantage?1近年来不少大四学生就业前突击整容2当今社会崇尚外表的舆论导向是导致上述现象的主要因素3我对外表美的看法（分数：106.00）_二、Part Reading Compr(总题数：1，分数：70.00)The Science of InterruptionsIn 2000, Gloria Mark was hired as a professor at the University of California.

2、She would arrive at her desk in the morning, full of energy and ready to tackle her to-do list. No sooner had she started one task than a colleague would e-mail her with an urgent request; when she went to work on that, the phone would ring. At the end of the day, Mark had accomplished a fraction of

3、 what she set out to do.Lots of people complain that office multitasking drives them nuts. But Mark studies how high-tech devices affect our behavior, so she was able to do more than complain: She set out to measure how nuts weve all become. She watched cubicle (办公室隔间) dwellers as they surfed the ch

4、aos of modern office life and found each employee spent only ten-and-a-half minutes on any given project before being interrupted. Each short project was itself fragmented into three-minute tasks, like answering e-mail messages or working on a sheet.Marks study also revealed that interruptions are o

5、ften crucial to office work. The high-tech workers admitted that many of their daily distractions were essential to their jobs. When someone forwards you an urgent e-mail message, its often something you really do need to see; if a mobile phone call breaks through, it might be the call that saves yo

6、ur hide.For some computer engineers and academics, this realization has begun to raise an attractive possibility: Perhaps we can find an ideal middle ground. If high-tech work distractions are inevitable, maybe we can re-engineer them so we receive all of their benefits but few of their downsides.Th

7、e Birth of MultitaskingThe science of interruptions began more than 100 years ago with the emergence of telegraph operators the first high-stress, time-sensitive information-technology jobs. Psychologists discovered that if someone spoke to a telegraph operator while he was keying a message, the ope

8、rator was more likely to make errors. Later, psychologists determined that whenever workers needed to focus on a job that required the monitoring of data, presentation was all important. Using this knowledge, cockpits (驶舱) for fighter pilots were carefully designed so that each dial and meter could

9、be read with just a glance.Still, such issues seemed remote from the lives of everyday workers. Then, in the 1990s, computers began to experience a rapid increase in speed and power. “Multitasking“ was born; instead of simply working on one program for hours at a time, a computer user works on sever

10、al simultaneously. Office workers now stare at computer screens of overwhelming complexity, as they juggle (操纵) messages, text documents, PowerPoint presentations and web browsers. In the modern office we are all fighter pilots.Effect of Multitasking: Computer-affected BehaviorInformation is no long

11、er a scarce resource attention is. 20 years ago, an office worker had two types of communication technology: a phone, which required an instant answer, and postal mail, which took days. Now people have dozens of possibilities between these two poles.The result is something like “continuous partial a

12、ttention“, which makes us so busy keeping an eye on everything that we never fully focus on anything. This can actually be a positive feeling, inasmuch as the constant email dinging makes us feel needed and desired. But what happens when you take that to the extreme? You get overwhelmed. Sanity lies

13、 in danger.In 1997, Microsoft recruited Mary Czerwinski, who once worked in NASAs Human-computer Interaction Lab, to conduct basic research to find out how computers affect human behavior. She took 39 office workers and installed software on their computers that would record every mouse click. She d

14、iscovered that computer users were as restless as hummingbirds. On average, they juggled eight windows at the same time. More astonishing, they would spend barely 20 seconds looking at one window before flipping to another.Why constant shifting? In part it was because of the way computers are laid o

15、ut. A computer offers very little visual real estate. A Microsoft Word document can cover almost an entire screen. Once you begin multitasking, a computer desktop quickly becomes buried in windows. When someone is interrupted, it takes just over 23 minutes to cycle back to the original task. Once th

16、eir work becomes buried beneath a screenful of interruptions, office workers appear to forget what tasks they were originally pursuing. The central danger of interruptions is not the interruption at all, but the confusion they bring to our short-term memory.Ways to Cope with InterruptionsWhen Mark a

17、nd Czerwinski, working separately, looked at the desks of the people they were studying, they each noticed the same thing: Post-it notes. Workers would write brief reminders of the task they were supposed to be working on (“Test DAs PC, Waiting for AL. “). Then they would place them directly in thei

18、r fields of vision, often in a circle around the edge of their computer screens.These piecemeal efforts at coping pointed to ways that our high-tech tools could be engineered to be less distracting. Czerwinski also noticed many Microsoft people attached three monitors to their computers. They placed

19、 their applications on different screens the email on the right side, a web browser on the right and their main work project in the middle so that each application was read at a glance. When the ding on their email program went off, they just peek to the left to see the message.The workers said this

20、 arrangement made them feel calmer. But did more screen area actually help with cognition? To find out, Czerwinski had 15 volunteers sit in front of a regular size 38 cm monitor and complete a variety of tasks designed to challenge their concentration a web search, some cutting and pasting, and memo

21、rizing phone numbers. Then the volunteers repeated the tasks using a computer with a massive 105 cm screen.On the bigger screen, some people completed the tasks as much as 44% more quickly. In two decades of research, Czerwinski had never seen a single change to a computer system so significantly im

22、prove a users productivity. The clearer your screen, the calmer your mind.Looking for Better InterruptionsMark compared the way people work when sitting in cubicles with how they work when theyre at different locations and interact online. She discovered people working in cubicles suffer more interr

23、uptions, but they have better interruptions because their co-workers have a social sense of what theyre doing. When you work next to others, they sense whether youre deeply immersed or relatively free to talk and interrupt you accordingly.Why dont computers work this way? Instead of alerting us to e

24、mail messages the instant they arrive, our machines could deliver them at optimum moments, when our brains are relaxed. Eric Horvitz at Microsoft is trying to do precisely that. He has been building automated reasoning systems equipped with artificial intelligence that observes a computer users beha

25、vior and tries to predict the moment the user will be mentally free and ready to be interrupted.(1,161 words)（分数：70.00）(1).As Marks study indicated, interruption is a highly undesirable feature in high-tech office work, and therefore we must find a way to avoid them.（分数：7.00）填空项 1:_(2).Telegraph ope

26、ration is a less stressful, less attention-demanding information-technology job in comparison with computer operation.（分数：7.00）填空项 1:_(3).Modern office workers are just like fighter pilots in that both need to monitor data of great complexity.（分数：7.00）填空项 1:_(4).Multitasking, even if taken to the ex

27、treme, can give office workers a positive feeling, since frequent interruptions make them feel much needed and desired.（分数：7.00）填空项 1:_(5).According to Mary Czerwinskis research, computer users are constantly shifting from window to window, pausing _ at each one.（分数：7.00）填空项 1:_(6).Both Mark and Cze

28、rwinski noticed that some computer users relied on _ as reminders to help them cope with distractions.（分数：7.00）填空项 1:_(7).By _ , many Microsoft workers managed to get quicker, easier access to data and make their high-tech tools less distracting.（分数：7.00）填空项 1:_(8).Czerwinski found that no other cha

29、nge to a computer system could more significantly improve a users productivity than _ .（分数：7.00）填空项 1:_(9).People who work next to each other in the same office have more but better interruptions than those who _ .（分数：7.00）填空项 1:_(10).Eric Horvitz has been working on AI system that monitors a comput

30、er users behavior and predicts _ .（分数：7.00）填空项 1:_三、Part Listening Com(总题数：0，分数：0.00)四、Section A(总题数：3，分数：105.00)Questions 11 to 18 are based on the conversation you have just heard.（分数：56.00）A.He forgot about the hockey game.B.He doesnt like to go to hockey games.C.He missed the hockey game because

31、 he was ill.D.Hell go with the woman to the next hockey game.A.The mans nervous but believes he will be better tomorrow.B.The man is begging the woman to let him pass the presentation.C.The mans nervous about his presentation because hes unprepared.D.The man left his presentation on the window edge

32、but hell get it tomorrow.A.The cafeteria food is very bad.B.The cafeteria food is so scarce.C.The cafeteria food is quite delicious.D.The cafeteria food is much like home-cooked meal.A.The womans camera is broken.B.He wasnt at Dan and Lindas wedding.C.Someone else at the wedding took good pictures.D

33、.Dan and Linda didnt hire a professional photographer.A.Jenny wont be getting a new roommate after all.B.Jenny wouldnt give specific reasons for her feelings.C.He hadnt heard that Jenny had a new roommate at all.D.He couldnt talk Jenny into getting well with her new roommate.A.Leave the hotel the ne

34、xt morning.B.Ask the hotel clerk for his room key.C.Stay in the hotel for at least two nights.D.Complain to the manager about the extra charges.A.Shell definitely get a good grade because she didnt use Internet sources.B.Shell probably do badly on her paper since she used nothing but Internet source

35、s.C.Shell get a bad grade because she used Internet sources rather than anything else.D.She wonders how well shell perform on her paper for using Internet sources.A.Take the job offer.B.Try another job.C.Bargain a little bit.D.Concentrate on her studies.Questions 19 to 21 are based on the conversati

36、on you have just heard.（分数：21.00）A.She doesnt know which topic to choose.B.Her assignments are due on the same day.C.Shes concerned about the spotted owl.D.She dislikes her economics class.A.A scarcity of jobs in their field.B.Inadequate training in methods of biological research.C.Difficulties in c

37、lassifying all of the varieties of owls.D.A lack of funding for their work with endangered species.A.It has numerous traits in common with the spotted owl.B.Its population is increasing.C.It may not survive without special efforts of conservationists.D.Its role in the chain of evolution has not yet

38、been examined.Questions 22 to 25 are based on the conversation you have just heard.（分数：28.00）A.A house.B.A car.C.A hotel.D.An art gallery.A.He has many pets.B.He has three children.C.He doesnt need a larger house.D.His wife is pregnant.A.House sales company.B.Motor sales company.C.Food sales company

39、.D.Travel agency.A.She is a travel agent.B.She is a (real) estate agent.C.She sells cars.D.She sells hotels.五、Section B(总题数：3，分数：70.00)Passage OneQuestions 26 to 28 are based on the passage you have just heard.（分数：21.00）A.Competition in business.B.Government grants.C.A type of economic policy.D.Inte

40、rnational transportation practices.A.American industrialists.B.French economists.C.International leaders.D.Civil War veterans.A.The rights of private business owners should be protected.B.The government shouldnt interfere in private business.C.Politicians should support industrial growth.D.Competiti

41、on among companies should be restricted.Passage TwoQuestions 29 to 31 are bused on the passage you have just heard.（分数：21.00）A.To protect beachfront property.B.To reduce the traffic on beach roads.C.To provide privacy for homeowners.D.To define property limits.A.By sending water directly back to the

42、 sea with great force.B.By reducing wave energy.C.By reducing beach width.D.By stabilizing beachfront construction.A.Protecting roads along the shore.B.Building on beaches with seawalls.C.Adding sand to beaches with seawalls.D.Stopping building seawalls.Passage ThreeQuestions 32 to 35 are based on t

43、he passage you have just heard.（分数：28.00）A.They were expensive.B.No one believes them.C.They were unsuccessful.D.They were often deceptive.A.Consumers were responsive.B.Consumers were hostile.C.Consumers turned cautious of it.D.Consumers didnt care all the time.A.They became more popular.B.They were

44、 more regulated.C.They became less honest,D.They became better produced.A.Massachusetts.B.Texas:C.California.D.Connecticut.六、Section C(总题数：1，分数：77.00)When an invention is made, the inventor has three possible courses of action open to him: he can give the invention to the world by publishing it, kee

45、p the idea secret, or (36) it.A granted patent is the result of a (37) struck between an inventor and the state, by which the inventor gets a limited period of (38) and publishes full details of his invention to the public after that period (39) .Only in the most (40) circumstances is the life span

46、of a patent extended to alter this normal process of events.A patent remains (41) public after it has terminated. Indeed, patent experts of- ten advise anyone wishing to avoid the high cost of (42) a search through live patents that the one sure way of avoiding violation of any other inventors right

47、 is to steal and use a dead patent. Likewise, because publication of an idea in any other form permanently (43) further patents on that idea, it is traditionally safe to take ideas from other areas of print. (44) Anyone closely involved in patents and inventions soon learns that most new ideas are,

48、in fact, as old as the hills. (45) that makes news and money. The basic patent for the theory of magnetic recording dates back to 1886. (46) Even the Volkswagen rear engine car was anticipated by a 1904 patent for a cart with the horse at the rear.（分数：77.00）填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_七、Part Reading Compr(总题数：