GRE8及答案解析.doc

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1、GRE8及答案解析(总分：26.98，做题时间：120 分钟)一、PART ONE （Time：30(总题数：7，分数：7.00)1.While mimicking the thought of his mentor Socrates, who conceived of forms as existing on an ethereal, heavenly and -|_|-plane, Plato also argued that forms become -|_|-in objects.（分数：1.00）A.abstract . rationalB.condensed . ratifiedC

2、.sacrilegious . profaneD.transcendent . immanentE.imaginative . earthbound2.The hostile epistolary of that choleric politician were larded with -|_|-sympathy, strained sarcasm or pure spite.（分数：1.00）A.plangentB.ersatzC.acerbicD.keenE.erstwhile3.In Homers Iliad, Akhilleus, the greatest of all Greek w

3、arriors, is driven towards immortality by his own need for -|_|-.（分数：1.00）A.conflictB.epiphanyC.bloodlustD.powerlessnessE.self-preservation4.If the contagious nature of yawning is a means of communication within groups of animals, possibly as a means to -|_|-behavior, yawning in humans is most likel

4、y -|_|-and an evolutionarily ancient mechanism that has lost its significance.（分数：1.00）A.clarify . substantialB.mirror . minimalC.synchronize . vestigialD.temporize . analogousE.interrupt . pernicious5.Historians have established that Charles the III regretted the -|_|-of his treasury, the consequen

5、ce of several expensive war campaigns, but he nevertheless trusted that he would find -|_|-in his struggle against the king of France.（分数：1.00）A.scope . aidB.penury . favorC.deficiency . sagacityD.paucity . defeatE.dearth, cogency6.Although most people who acquire West Nile have no -|_|-and those wh

6、o do normally suffer little more than flu-like illness, it is believed they still can carry -|_|-amounts of the virus in their blood for several days.（分数：1.00）A.recourse negligibleB.symptoms minuteC.cure significantD.fever activeE.hope incipient7.Handedness can be influenced and changed by social an

7、d cultural mechanisms, as can be evidenced by the fact that teachers have been known to force children to switch from using their left hand to using their right hand for writing and that some more -|_|-societies show less left-handedness in their populations than other more -|_|-societies.（分数：1.00）A

8、.restrictive permissiveB.bigoted tolerantC.liberal suppressiveD.dominating pluralE.intriguing monotonous二、SECTION 2(总题数：1，分数：1.00)Most words are “lexical words“, i.e. nouns signifying “things“, the majority of which are abstract concepts rather than physical objects in the world; only “proper nouns“

9、 have specific and unique referents in the everyday world. The communicative function of a fully-functioning language requires the scope of reference beyond the particularity of the individual instance. While each leaf, cloud or smile is different from all others, effective communication requires ge

10、neral categories or “universals“. Anyone who has attempetd to communicate with people who do not share their language will be familiar with the limitations of simply pointing to things, given that the vast majority of lexical words in a language exist on a high level of abstraction and refer to clas

11、ses of things such as “buildings“ or to concepts like “construction“. We lose any one-to-one correspondence of word and thing the moment we group instances into classes. Other than lexical words, language consists of “function words“ or grammatical words, such as “only“ and “under“ which do not refe

12、r to objects in the world at all, and many more kinds of signs other that simple nouns. The notion of words as labels for concepts assumes that ideas exist independently of words and that ideas are established in advance before the introduction of linguistic structure. Clearly, language is not limit

13、ed to naming things existing in the physical world, but includes non-existent objects and ideas well. The nomenclaturist stance, in viewing words as labels forpre-existing ideas and objects, attempts unsuccessfully to reduce language to the purely referential function of naming things. Things do not

14、 exist independently of the sign systems which we use; “reality“ is created by the media which seem simply to represent it. Language does not simply name pre-existing categories; categories do not exist in “the world“ . e. g. “where are the boundaries of a cloud; when does a smile begin“. Such an em

15、phasis on reality as invariably perceptually seamless may be an exaggeration; our referential categories do seem to bear some relationship to certain features which seem to be inherently salient. Within a language, many words may refer to “the same thing“ but reflect different evaluations of it. For

16、 example, one persons hovel is another persons home“ Meanwhile, the signified of a word is subject to historical change. In this sense, “reality“ or “the world“ is created by the language we use: this argument insists on the primacy of the signifier. Even if we do not adopt the radical stance that “

17、the real world“ is a product of our sign systems, we must still acknowledge the lack of signifiers for many things in the empirical world and that there is no parallel correlation between most words and objects in the known world at all. Thus, all words are “abstractions“, and there is no direct cor

18、respondence between words and “things“ in the world. （分数：0.98）(1).The author of the passage is primarily concerned with -|_|-.（分数：0.14）A.refuting a belief held by one school of linguisticsB.reviewing an interesting feature of languageC.illustrating the confusion that can result from the improper use

19、 of languageD.suggesting a way in which languages can be made more nearly perfectE.surveying new interesting areas of research in the field of linguistics(2).The author offers all of the following ideas as proof that there is no direct correspondence between words and things EXCEPT -|_|-.（分数：0.14）A.

20、Language has other functions than that of reference.B.Once a word is grouped into a class, no one-to-one correspondence existsbetween it and what it signifies.C.Many words refer to objects that do not exist in the world.D.Function words do not refer to objects.E.Proper nouns usually refer to unique

21、entities.(3).Which of the following best describes the authors statement that “an emphasis on reality as invariably perceptually seamless may be an exaggeration“ (lines 27-28)?（分数：0.14）A.An assumption based on evidence already presentedB.A concession to the view opposing that of the authorsC.A hypot

22、hesis concerning a possible problem with the nomenclaturist viewD.An allusion to an argument presented earlier in the passageE.An example of the application of the authors view of language(4).According to the passage, which of the following assumptions would the “nomenclaturist“ most likely agree wi

23、th?（分数：0.14）A.The seamlessness of reality complicates the notion of linguistic categories, such that those categories must be questioned.B.The experience of reality largely varies from that of the experience of language, weakening the reliability of both experiences.C.Ideas invariably precede, in th

24、eir existence and meaning, the language that subsequently articulates them.D.Language, although capable of developing categories, can never articulate more than particular instances.E.The meaning of a word is not fixed historically, and may evolve over time due to a variety of factors.(5).It can be

25、inferred from the passage that the author is LEAST likely to agree with wihich of the following?（分数：0.14）A.Words can be categorized into different grammatical functions.B.Some relationship between signifier and signified can be articulated.C.Every signifier points to a single pre-existing signified.

26、D.Words may name imaginary, non-physical things.E.The use of categories is essential to the operation of language.(6).It can be inferred from the passage that the term “reductionist“ would most likely apply to which of the following views concerning language?（分数：0.14）A.A number of words exist with i

27、dentical meanings.B.Several words with different connotations may refer to the same object.C.A word used two centuries ago might refer to the same object today.D.Reality is constructed, not discovered, by the medium of language.E.A word may refer to non-existent objects, categories, and carry multip

28、le connotations.(7).According to the passage, the word “violation“ would best be classified as a -|_|-.（分数：0.14）A.Function wordB.Lexical wordC.Concept wordD.Category wordE.Grammatical wordPreviously, the sack-like rabbit appendix was thought to serve primarily as a reservoir for the bacteria involve

29、d in hindgut fermentation, a explanation that failed to account for the absence of an appendix in other animals with similar digestive systems or for its presence in humans. Microscopic research revealed that the appendix contains a significant amount of lymphoid tissue, similar aggregates of which

30、tissue occur in other areas of the gastrointestinal tract. These are involved, possibly, in the bodys ability to recognize foreign antigens in ingested material, but the evidence is inconclusive, to the extent that scientists have long discounted the human appendix as a “vestigial“ organ. However, a

31、 growing body of evidence suggests that the appendix, far from being a “vestigial organ“, hag a significant function as a part of the body s immune system. The appendix achieves its greatest development shortly after birth, when immune response is first developing, then regresses with age, when the

32、immune response mediated by the appendix may relate to such inflammatory conditions as ulcerative colitis, which in adults necessitates the organ s surgical removal. （分数：-1.00）(1).Which of the following hypothetical discoveries, if made, would cast MOST doubt on the most recent conclusions regarding

33、 the function of the human appendix?（分数：-0.25）A.After laboratory experiments, scientists discover evidence to reject the notion hat the human appendix is a “vestigial“ organ.B.Certain animal species which had not previously been given attention are to possess an appendix resembling that of humans.C.

34、Lymphoid tissue is discovered, after careful study, not to play a role in the recognition of foreign antigens in ingested material.D.After re-examination of the evidence, ulcerative colitis is discovered to be caused by factors wholly unrelated to the human appendix.E.It is discovered that in rabbit

35、s, hindgut fermentation does not require the presence of an organ acting as reservoir for bacteria.(2).Which of the following best describes the relationship of the second paragraph to the first?（分数：-0.25）A.The second paragraph relies on different evidence in drawing a conclusion similar to that exp

36、ressed in the first paragraph.B.The second paragraph provides further elaboration on why an assertion made at the end of the first paragraph proves true in most cases.C.The second paragraph provides additional information in support of a hypothesis stated in the first paragraph.D.The second paragrap

37、h provides an example of a case in which the assumption described in the first paragraph is unwarranted.E.The second paragraph describes a phenomenon that has the same cause as the phenomenon described in the first paragraph.(3).It can be inferred from the passage that the author of the passage woul

38、d be most likely to agree with which of the following assertions about the appendix?（分数：-0.25）A.Scientists have ruled out the possibility that the appendix is involved in hindgut fermentation in all species, including rabbits.B.As an organ, the appendix is more useful to the immune response of human

39、 beings in their first development than later in life.C.The human appendix contains greater amounts of lymphoid tissue than the aggregates of which that are found in other areas of the gastrointestinal tract.D.The appendix in a human child is generally less well developed than the appendix in a huma

40、n adult.E.The presence of the appendix in humans suggests that the human digestive process resembles the rabbit digestive process more than that of other animal species.(4).The passage provides information in support of which of the following assertions?（分数：-0.25）A.Lymphoid tissue somehow involved i

41、n the bodys ability to recognize foreignantigens in ingested material is a primary cause of ulcerative colitis.B.The appendix is an anomaly among mammals, existing in rabbits and humans largely as an evolutionary fluke.C.Microscopic research is insufficient to give even the vaguest suggestion of wha

42、t the human appendixs function may be.D.The digestive process in human beings is less dependent on the hindgut fermentation process than is the digestive process in rabbits.E.Lymphoid tissue that recognize foreign antigens is absent in the digestive systems of animals that lack appendixes.四、SECTION

43、3(总题数：9，分数：9.00)8.FROWN: DISPLEASURE : :（分数：1.00）A.scoff: glumnessB.sneer: contemptC.adulate: intimacyD.collaborate: esteemE.edify: ridicule9.CHURCH: SANCTUARY : :（分数：1.00）A.lounge: hotelB.porch: mansionC.stage: curtainD.cavern: mountainE.house: boudoir10.LAPSE: ERROR: :（分数：1.00）A.agony: gastritisB.

44、remorse: gloomC.peccadillo: offenseD.spite: admirationE.desire: connection11.AWNING: SUN : :（分数：1.00）A.pediment: memorialB.carapace: movementC.umbrella: rainD.tassel: capE.tassel: cap12.MAVEN: EXPERIENCE : :（分数：1.00）A.siren: intensityB.brigand: disloyaltyC.provocateur: reticenceD.luminary: eminenceE

45、.firebrand: idealism13.EARMARK: FUNDS : :（分数：1.00）A.identify: culpritB.export: productC.schedule: timeD.embezzle: bursarE.adjourn: meeting14.POSE: AFFECTATION : :（分数：1.00）A.contemplate: solutionB.suppress: lustC.preen: self-satisfactionD.deny: collaborationE.repent: crime15.SCRIBBLE: WRITE : :（分数：1.

46、00）A.reflect: contemplateB.listen: overhearC.jot: doodleD.simper: smileE.glance: ogle16.RECEPTIVE: GULLIBLE : :（分数：1.00）A.secretive: stealthyB.compliant: servileC.wordy: tediousD.insightful: penetratingE.priggish: headstrong五、SECTION 4(总题数：11，分数：11.00)17.MUNDANE:（分数：1.00）A.idealB.nimbleC.finerD.exot

47、icE.sufficient18.PROMPT:（分数：1.00）A.step downB.checkC.deceiveD.perplexE.bend19.CONVERSANT:（分数：1.00）A.pedanticB.feebleC.propitiousD.ignorantE.speaking20.INHIBITOR:（分数：1.00）A.responseB.dissolventC.sour substanceD.catalystE.amalgam21.SURCHARGE:（分数：1.00）A.discountB.declineC.deficiencyD.responsibilityE.un

48、derperformance22.BREACH:（分数：1.00）A.forge aheadB.collectC.remain quietD.weldE.offer support23.SALUBRIOUS:（分数：1.00）A.gradually disabledB.nastyC.unwellD.clumsily handledE.disgusting24.SPIRITUAL：（分数：1.00）A.corruptB.corporealC.metaphoricalD.assortedE.transient25.INVIDIOUS:（分数：1.00）A.evanescentB.insipidC.

49、noticeableD.advantageousE.plentiful26.METAMORPHOSIS:（分数：1.00）A.diverse activityB.recurring movementC.pause from pressureD.prolongation without alterationE.rigid determination27.FERMENT:（分数：1.00）A.limpidnessB.equanimityC.simplicityD.clarityE.firmnessGRE8答案解析(总分：26.98，做题时间：120 分钟)一、PART ONE （Time：30(总题数：7，分数：7.00)1.While