Business+Ethics+&+Environmental+Report及答案解析.doc

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1、Business+Ethics+ however, such antics tend to undermine the economy over time.Business ethics can be both a normative and a descriptive discipline. As a corporate practice and a career specialization, the field is primarily normative. In academia descriptive approaches are also taken. The range and

2、quantity of business ethical issues reflect the degree to which business is perceived to be at odds with non-economic social values. Historically, interest in business ethics accelerated dramatically during the 1980s and 1990s, both within major corporations and within academia. For example, today m

3、ost major corporate websites lay emphasis on commitment to promoting non-economic social values under a variety of headings(e.g, ethics codes, social responsibility charters). In some cases, corporations have redefined their core values in the light of business ethical considerations(e.g. BPs “beyon

4、d petroleum“ environmental tilt).BSentenced To Death in China Milk Scandal/BBEIJING, Jan. 22A court on Thursday sentenced two men to death for their roles in a deadly contaminated-milk scandal that embarrassed the Chinese government and prompted hundreds of families to sue for compensation. The woma

5、n in charge of the dairy company at the heart of the crisis was sentenced to life in prison.The punishments were the first in the scandal, which broke in September. At least six children died and 300 000 were sickened by infant formula tainted with the chemical melamine, and more than two dozen coun

6、tries, including the United States, recalled or banned food containing Chinese milk products.The Intermediate Peoples Court in Shijiazhuang, where the dairy company is based, announced two other life terms and a suspend death sentence that is expected to be committed to life imprisonment. Six defend

7、ants received terms ranging from five to 15 years. The court session was closed to the public and conducted under heavy security.（分数：18.00）(1).I. Match the word with the appropriate meaning.（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_(2).notify（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_(3).fertilizer（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_(4).censor（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_(5).defendan

8、t（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_(6).contaminate（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_(7).recall（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_(8).II. True or False.The woman in charge of the dairy company at the heart of the crisis was sentenced to death.（分数：1.00）A.正确B.错误(9).After the scandal, the United States, together with dozens of other countries, canceled or p

9、rohibited food containing Chinese milk products.（分数：1.00）A.正确B.错误(10).Tian Wenhua had known the pollution of the milk before alerting officials.（分数：1.00）A.正确B.错误(11).Melamine can cause kidney stones in adults and animals.（分数：1.00）A.正确B.错误(12).Sanlu and 21 other dairy firms accused of selling pollute

10、d milk have offered a $160 million compensation plan, which is less than what the families are demanding.（分数：1.00）A.正确B.错误(13).III. Multiple Choices.Why do the producers add Melamine into the milk?（分数：1.00）A.To make the milk more delicious.B.To increase the protein level.C.To promote the sales.D.To

11、whiten the milk.(14).Most parents _ .（分数：1.00）A.pay more attention to the fair compensationB.care about the trialC.care about the punishment to the criminalsD.none of the above(15).According to the victims of the scandal, what the government has done is _ .（分数：1.00）A.sufficientB.inadequateC.consider

12、ateD.partial(16).Which of the following is true according to the passage?（分数：1.00）A.Families of the victims are satisfied with the government.B.The government is mainly concerned about the still-recovering children.C.Families of the victims are not satisfied with the sentences.D.Families of the vict

13、ims are not satisfied with the compensation.(17).What is the tone of the narrator?（分数：1.00）A.Pitiful.B.Angry.C.Objective.D.Biased.(18).IV. Answer the questions. What are the causes that have contributed to such a scandal according to your understanding? 19. What do you think are the most effective w

14、ays to avoid such disastrous scandals in the future? How should business ethics function in such kind of issues? 20. What are the consequences of the dairy products scandal to the Chinese economy?（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_二、BText B/B(总题数：1，分数：28.00)BBackground Information/BCorporate social responsibility incl

15、udes everything from hiring minority workers to making safe products, minimizing pollution, using energy wisely, providing a safe work environment, and more. Whatever degree of social responsibility a business assumes, someone must manage it. Public affairs departments in large businesses handle pub

16、lic relations, lobbying and charitable contributions. Personal or human resources departments usually ensure compliance with equal employment opportunity regulations and employee safety requirements.Social auditing is another way to measure and evaluate an organizations progress toward implementing

17、programs that are socially responsible and responsive.Its a question often debated, but seldom answered authoritatively: Do companies have a social responsibility to protect the environment beyond legal requirements?Specifically, may companies do so within the scope of their fiduciary responsibiliti

18、es to their shareholders? Can they do so on a sustainable basis? Should firms sacrifice profits for positive environmental impacts? And do firms at least sometimes behave this way?Many governments and businesses are now realizing that environmental protection and economic growth are not always in co

19、nflict.The environmental aspect of CSR is defined as the duty to cover the environmental implications of the companys operations, products and facilities; eliminate waste and emissions; maximize the efficiency and productivity of its resources; and minimize practices that might adversely affect the

20、enjoyment of the countrys resources by future generations.BResponsibility to Natural Environment/BThe difficulty of balancing profits and social responsibility is very apparent when you consider environmental issues. Consumers value the goods and services that business produces, but business cannot

21、produce goods and services without polluting to some degree. Businesses strive to lower their costs in order to offer products to consumers more efficiently and to make profits for investors, but sometimes it is necessary for business to spend more in order to pollute less. When such situations aris

22、e, whose interests should be served firstthose of society, the consumer, or the investor? Clearly, this question has no easy answer, but examining how businesses pollute may provide some perspectives.Economic progress threatens our air, water, and land because these elements can so easily be tainted

23、 by pollution(the contamination or destruction of the natural environment by humans). Moreover, the pollution in any one element can easily taint the others. This problem is pervasive in industrialized and developing nations alike. In fact, the emerging economies of Asia and Latin America have built

24、 much of their growth on very loose environmental standards. But Mexico, Malaysia, and other countries are realizing that their prosperity can be sustained only if their citizens can enjoy a quality of life that comes with a clean environment. At the same time, the countries of Eastern Europe are sc

25、rambling to reverse the decade of environmental neglect that occurred around the middle of the 20th century. As you can imagine, this is no easy task.The most noticeable form of air pollution, smog, is produced by the interaction of sunlight and hydrocarbons(gases released when fossil fuels are burn

26、ed). Another damaging air pollutant is acid rain, created when emissions from coal-burning factories and electric utility plants react with air. Acid rain has been blamed for damaging lakes and forests in southeastern Canada and the northeastern United States.In addition, emissions from factories an

27、d cars pollute the air and contribute to global warming through the greenhouse effect, in which heated gases form a layer of unusually warm air around the earth, trapping the suns heat and preventing the earths surface from cooling. The United Nations Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change(IPCC),

28、 which includes over 900 scientists worldwide, recently reported that global warming will cause worldwide temperatures to rise by 1 to 3.5 degrees centigrade in the next century. This is expected to lead to increases in both droughts and floods in some regions and cause the sea level to rise about 5

29、0 centimeters by 2100. The report concludes that “the balance of evidence suggests a discernible influence on global climate“. However, some scientists refute the theory of global warming, claiming that no solid evidence yet exists to support a human influence on global climate change. The debate wi

30、ll continue. However, we need only look at the smog that hangs over many major cities of the world to know that air pollution is a problem that businesses, consumers, and governments must address together.Experts worry about airborne toxins that are emitted during some manufacturing processes. Large

31、 and small companies together release millions of pounds of chemical wastes into the air each year. Although the effects of many of these substances are unknown, some are known to be carcinogenic(cancer causing). Of special concern in recent years are microscopic particulates in the air that may be

32、responsible for more than 150 000 deaths each year.Our air is not the only part of our environment to suffer. Water pollution has damaged many U.S. lakes, rivers, stream, harbors, and coastal waters. This pollution comes from a variety of sources: manufacturing facilities, mining and construction si

33、tes, farms, and city sewage systems. Although dramatic accidents like the Exon Valdes oil spill in Alaskan waters are widely publicized, the main threat is the careless day-to-day disposal of wastes from thousands of individual sources.Even if all wastewater were purified before being discharged, ou

34、r groundwater would still be endangered by leakage from the million of tons of hazardous substances that have been buried underground or dumped in improper storage sites. Much of this pollution was created years ago by companies that carelesslybut legallydisposed of substances now known to be unheal

35、thy. Cleaning up these wastes is extremely difficult and expensive.In addition, companies and individuals generate enormous amounts of solid wasteover 200 million tons in the United States each year. Much of this waste ends up in landfills. A large part of the problem is consumer demands for conveni

36、ence and fashion. These demands lead to creating disposable items, manufacturing products with excess packaging, and discarding useful items that are no longer the hot style or color. Fortunately, recent efforts to conserve and recycle resources are helping to combat the land pollution problem.BExer

37、cises/B（分数：28.00）(1).I. Match the word with the appropriate meaning.（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_(2).pollutant（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_(3).emission（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_(4).drought（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_(5).disposal（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_(6).landfill（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_(7).contamination（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_(8).II. True or False.It is natural that bu

38、sinesses cause pollution.（分数：1.00）A.正确B.错误(9).Pollution is pervasive only in some developing countries.（分数：1.00）A.正确B.错误(10).The most noticeable form of pollution is produced by the interaction of sunlight and hydrocarbons.（分数：1.00）A.正确B.错误(11).Both large and small companies release chemical wastes

39、into the air and water.（分数：1.00）A.正确B.错误(12).Groundwater is safe because all wastewater has been purified before being discharged.（分数：1.00）A.正确B.错误(13).III. Multiple Choices.Whose interests should be served first when business produces goods tending to pollute the environment?（分数：1.00）A.Those of soc

40、iety.B.Those of the consumer.C.Those of the investor.D.Its a dilemma.(14).What does Economic progress threaten?（分数：1.00）A.Only the air.B.Only the water.C.Only the land.D.Air, water and land.(15).Who must take action to solve the problem of pollution?（分数：1.00）A.Governments.B.Businesses and consumers.

41、C.Consumers.D.Businesses, consumers and governments.(16).Which of the following is true according to the passage?（分数：1.00）A.The main threat to the environment is disposal of wastes from Exxon Valdes.B.The main threat to the environment is careless day-to-day disposal of wastes.C.The main threat to t

42、he environment is disposal of wastes from some companies and factories.D.The main threat to the environment is solid wastes.(17).What is the tone of this passage?（分数：1.00）A.Optimistic.B.Pessimistic.C.Subjective.D.Objective.(18).IV. Answer the questions. Whose interests should be served first, those

43、of society, the consumer, or the investor? 19. Do you agree that human activities influence global climate change? 20. What are the sources of pollution according to the passage?（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_(19).V. Questions 21-30. Read the article below about environmental issues. For each question 21-30, write

44、 one word in CAPITAL LETTERS on your Answer Sheet. These days in business, people have to face many challenging questions when designingU (21) /Uimplementing new projects in undeveloped areas of the countryside. One issue which has toU (22) /Ufaced is whether it is possible to introduce new technolo

45、gyU (23) /Udestroying the local environment. Economic development and environmental conservation are often seenU (24) /Unatural enemies. It is unfortunate that in the past this has oftenU (25) /Utrue, and it has been necessary to choose between running the project or protecting the environment. Howe

46、ver, by taking environmental considerations seriously atU (26) /Uearly stage in a project, companies can significantlyU (27) /Uany impact on local plants and animals. U (28) /Uexample, in southern Africa, a company called CEL was asked to put up 410 km of a power transmission line without disturbing

47、 the rare birds which inhabit that area. The project was carried out with minimal disturbance last summer. What may surprise many business people is the fact that this consideration for local wildlife did not in any way slow down the project. Indeed, the necessary advance planning, combined with loc

48、al knowledge and advanced technology, meant that the project was actually completed aheadU (29) /Uschedule. CEL was contracted to finish the job by October and managed to do so two monthsU (30) /U. CEL is one of those companies which is committed to the principle of environmental conservation. Many other companies have yet to be convinced of the importance of balancing the needs of people with those of the environment. However, it may be the only realistic way forward.（分数：1.00）填