2006年8月美国托福英语考试(TOEFL)阅读真题精选及答案解析.doc
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1、2006 年 8 月美国托福英语考试(TOEFL)阅读真题精选及答案解析(总分:104.00,做题时间:150 分钟)一、READING(总题数:5,分数:104.00)ArchitectureArchitecture is the art and science of designing structures that organize and enclose space for practical and symbolic purposes. Because architecture grows out of human needs and aspirations, it clearly
2、communicates cultural values. Of all the visual arts, architecture affects our lives most directly for it determines the character of the human environment in major ways.Architecture is a three-dimensional form. It utilizes space, mass, texture, line, light, and color. To be architecture, a building
3、 must achieve a working harmony with a variety of elements. Humans instinctively seek structures that will shelter and enhance their way of life. It is the work of architects to create buildings that are not simply constructions but also offer inspiration and delight. Buildings contribute to human l
4、ife when they provide shelter, enrich space, complement their site, suit the climate, and are economically feasible. The client who pays for the building and defines its function is an important member of the architectural team. The mediocre design of many contemporary buildings can be traced to bot
5、h clients and architects.In order for the structure to achieve the size and strength necessary to meet its purpose, architecture employs methods of support that, because they are based on physical laws, have changed little since people first discovered them-even while building materials have changed
6、 dramatically. The worlds architectural structures have also been devised in relation to the objective limitations of materials. Structures can be analyzed in terms of how they deal with downward forces created by gravity. They are designed to withstand the forces of compression (pushing together),
7、tension (pulling apart), bending, or a combination of these in different parts of the structure.Even development in architecture has been the result of major technological changes. Materials and methods of construction are integral parts of the design of architecture structures. In earlier times it
8、was necessary to design structural systems suitable for the materials that were available, such as wood, stone, brick. Today technology has progressed to the point where it is possible to invent new building materials to suit the type of structure desired. Enormous changes in materials and technique
9、s of construction within the last few generations have made it possible to enclose space with much greater ease and speed and with a minimum of material. Progress in this area can be measured by the difference in weight between buildings built now and those of comparable size built one hundred years
10、 ago.Modern architectural forms generally have three separate components comparable to elements of the human body? a supporting skeleton or frame, an outer skin enclosing the interior spaces, equipment, similar to the bodys vital organs and systems. The equipment includes plumbing, electrical wiring
11、, hot water, and air-conditioning. Of course in early architecturesuch as igloos and adobe structuresthere was no such equipment, and the skeleton and skin were often one.Much of the worlds great architecture has been constructed of stone because of its beauty, permanence, and availability. In the p
12、ast, whole cities grew from the arduous task of cutting and piling stone upon. Some of the worlds finest stone architecture can be seen in the ruins of the ancient Inca city of Machu Picchu high in the eastern Andes Mountains of Peru. The doorways and windows are made possible by placing over the op
13、en spaces thick stone beams that support the weight from above. A structural invention had to be made before the physical limitations of stone could be overcome and new architectural forms could be created. That invention was the arch, a curved structure originally made of separate stone or brick se
14、gments. The arch was used by the early cultures of the Mediterranean area chiefly for underground drains, but it was the Romans who first developed and used the arch extensively in aboveground structures. Roman builders perfected the semicircular arch made of separate blocks of stone. As a method of
15、 spanning space, the arch can support greater weight than a horizontal beam. It works in compression to divert the weight above it out to the sides, where the weight is borne by the vertical elements on either side of the arch. The arch is among the many important structural breakthroughs that have
16、characterized architecture throughout the centuries.(分数:24)(1).According to paragraph 1, all of the following statements about architecture are true EXCEPT:(分数:2)A.Architecture is visual art.B.Architecture reflects the cultural values of its creators.C.Architecture has both artistic and scientific d
17、imensions.D.Architecture has an indirect effect on life.(2).The word “feasible” in the passage is closet in meaning to(分数:2)A.in existenceB.without questionC.achievableD.most likely(3).The word “enhance” in the passage is closest in meaning to(分数:2)A.protectB.improveC.organizeD.match(4).Which of the
18、 sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? (分数:2)A.Unchanging physical laws have limited the size and strength of buildings that can be made with materials discovered long ago.B.Building materials have changed in order to increase architectu
19、ral size and strength, but physical laws of structure have not changed.C.When people first started to build, the structural methods used to provide strength and size were inadequate because they were not based on physical laws.D.Unlike building materials, the methods of support used in architecture
20、have not changed over time because they are based on physical laws.(5).The word “devised” in the passage is closest in meaning to(分数:2)A.CombinedB.CreatedC.IntroducedD.Suggested(6).The word “integral” is closet in meaning to(分数:2)A.EssentialB.VariableC.PracticalD.Independent(7).According to paragrap
21、h 4, which of the following is true about materials used in the construction of buildings?(分数:2)A.Because new building materials are hard to find, construction techniques have changed very little from past generations.B.The availability of suitable building materials no longer limits the types of st
22、ructures that may be built.C.The primary building materials that are available today are wood, stone, and brick.D.Architects in earlier times did not have enough building materials to enclose large spaces.(8).In paragraph 4, what does the author imply about modern buildings?(分数:2)A.They occupy much
23、less space than buildings constructed one hundred years ago.B.They are not very different from the building of a few generations ago.C.They weigh less in relation to their size than buildings constructed one hundred years ago.D.They take a long time to build as a result of their complex construction
24、 methods.(9).Which of the following correctly characterizes the relationship between the human body and architecture that is described in paragraph5?(分数:2)A.Complex equipment inside buildings is the one element in modern architecture that resembles a component of the human body.B.The components in e
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- 2006 美国 托福 英语考试 TOEFL 阅读 精选 答案 解析 DOC