(A)上海市高级口译第一阶段笔试英译中经济科技(一)及答案解析.doc

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1、(A)上海市高级口译第一阶段笔试英译中经济科技(一)及答案解析(总分：100.04，做题时间：90 分钟)一、试题 1(总题数：1，分数：20.00)Japan“s once enviable jobless rate will soar to double-digit levels ifand the warning is a big onefirms opt for drastic Western-style layoffs to boost profits. While Japan“s lifetime employment system is visibly unravelling,

2、many economists still doubt whether a scenario of soaring joblessness will occur, given that economic incentives to slash payrolls clash with social and political pressures to save jobs. A kinder, gentler approach to restructuring would soften the social instability many fear would result from doubl

3、ing the jobless rate, already at a record high.531 Critics believe it would also cap gains in profit margins and stifle economic vitality, especially in the absence of bold steps to open the door to new growth, industries. Some economists believe different methods of counting mean Japan“s jobless ra

4、te is already close to 7 per cent by United States standards, not that far from the 7.8 per cent peak hit in the US in 1992 when it began to emerge from a two-year slump.（分数：20.00）(1).Japan“s once enviable jobless rate will soar to double-digit levels if-and the warning is a big one-firms opt for dr

5、astic Western-style layoffs to boost profits.（分数：4.00）_(2).While Japan“s life-time employment system is visibly unravelling, many economists still doubt whether a scenario of soaring joblessness will occur, given that economic incentives to slash payrolls clash with social and political pressures to

6、 save jobs.（分数：4.00）_(3).A kinder, gentler approach to restructuring would soften the social instability that many fear would result from doubling the jobless rate, which is already at a record high.（分数：4.00）_(4).Critics believe it would also cap gains in profit margins and stifle economic vitality,

7、 especially in the absence of bold steps to open the door to new growth, industries.（分数：4.00）_(5).Some economists believe different methods of counting mean Japan“s jobless rate is already close to 7 per cent by United States standards, not that far from the 7.8 per cent peak hit in the US in 1992 w

8、hen it began to emerge from a two-year slump.（分数：4.00）_二、试题 2(总题数：1，分数：20.00)The biggest problem of the third industrial revolution is as easy to explain as it is difficult to solve. Technology is creating a global economy that is rapidly supplanting our old national economies. National governments

9、cannot control this new economy, yet no one, least of all Americans, wants to create the form of global government that might be able to control it. As a result we were going to be living in a fundamentally unmanaged economic system. The difficulties of containing the 1997 Asian economic meltdown ar

10、e just the first of many such difficulties we can expect. National governments, which used to worry about managing and maintaining their economic systems, are slowly being pushed out of business. Changes in global finance overwhelm all but the largest governments. Governments have lost much of their

11、 influence over the movement of information and capital. They cannot control who crosses their borders either physically or culturally. Conversely, the power of global businesses is growing with companies“ ability to move to the most advantageous locations and play countries off against one another

12、in bidding for attractive investment projects.（分数：20.02）(1).The biggest problem of the third industrial revolution is as easy to explain as it is difficult to solve. Technology is creating a global economy that is rapidly supplanting our old national economies.（分数：2.86）_(2).National governments cann

13、ot control this new economy, yet no one, least of all Americans, wants to create the form of global government that might be able to control it. As a result we were going to be living in a fundamentally unmanaged economic system.（分数：2.86）_(3).The difficulties of containing the 1997 Asian economic me

14、ltdown are just the first of many such difficulties we can expect.（分数：2.86）_(4).National governments, which used to worry about managing and maintaining their economic systems, are slowly being pushed out of business.（分数：2.86）_(5).Changes in global finance overwhelm all but the largest governments.（

15、分数：2.86）_(6).Governments have lost much of their influence over the movement of information and capital. They cannot control who crosses their borders either physically or culturally.（分数：2.86）_(7).Conversely, the power of global businesses is growing with companies“ ability to move to the most advan

16、tageous locations and play countries off against one another in bidding for attractive investment projects.（分数：2.86）_三、试题 3(总题数：1，分数：20.00)Bringing the World Cup to Asia was supposed to expand the reach of the global game in a happy confluence of good will and good business. The action on the pitch

17、has certainly been dramatic, and most fans were thrilled. But less than half way through the month-long tournament, the good will is already wearing thin-and business seems relatively slow, with fewer visitors and Cup-related sales than expected. Deeply embarrassed by the image of part-empty stadium

18、s besieged by angry ticket hunters, Japanese prime minister ordered an official investigation into the ticket fiasco. Claiming losses of more than 800,000 per game, Korea“s soccer federation even threatened to sue Byrom, the official ticket agent, for failing to print and deliver tickets on time. Ja

19、pan and Korea both hoped to score big points-at home and abroad-with the World Cup. Perhaps it was the memories of the 1964 Tokyo Olympics and the 1988 Seoul Olympics, which were considered turning points in their nations“ development. Mired in a decade-long slump, Japan longs for anything that migh

20、t shock its economy back to life. Korea, meanwhile, hopes the Cup will steady its halting recovery from the 1997 Asian financial crisis-and help brand it as Asia“s most wired nation. Their plan: inject billions of dollars into new facilities, welcome throngs of tourists and for one glorious month sh

21、owcase their countries to the biggest television audience in world history.（分数：20.00）(1).Bringing the World Cup to Asia was supposed to expand the reach of the global game in a happy confluence of good will and good business.（分数：2.00）_(2).The action on the pitch has certainly been dramatic, and most

22、 fans were thrilled.（分数：2.00）_(3).But less than half way through the month-long tournament, the good will is already wearing thin-and business seems relatively slow, with fewer visitors and Cup-related sales than expected.（分数：2.00）_(4).Deeply embarrassed by the image of part-empty stadiums besieged

23、by angry ticket hunters, Japanese prime minister ordered an official investigation into the ticket fiasco.（分数：2.00）_(5).Claiming losses of more than 800,000 per game, Korea“s soccer federation even threatened to sue Byrom, the official ticket agent, for failing to print and deliver tickets on time.（

24、分数：2.00）_(6).Japan and Korea both hoped to score big pointsat home and abroadwith the World Cup.（分数：2.00）_(7).Perhaps it was the memories of the 1964 Tokyo Olympics and the 1988 Seoul Olympics, which were considered turning points in their nations“ development.（分数：2.00）_(8).Mired in a decade-long sl

25、ump, Japan longs for anything that might shock its economy back to life.（分数：2.00）_(9).Korea, meanwhile, hopes the Cup will steady its halting recovery from the 1997 Asian financial crisis-and help brand it as Asia-s most wired nation.（分数：2.00）_(10).Their plan: inject billions of dollars into new fac

26、ilities, welcome throngs of tourists and for one glorious month showcase their countries to the biggest television audience in world history.（分数：2.00）_四、试题 4(总题数：1，分数：20.00)The effect of governmental expenditures on the total economy varies with both the level of utilization of labor and capital in

27、the economy at the time of the expenditure, and the segment of the economy which receives the expenditure. If the economy as a whole or the segment of the economy which is the focus of the expenditure is operating at capacity or close to capacity, then the expenditure“s major effects will tend to be

28、 inflationary, and will not generate much employment of capital and labor. If the economy or sector is operating at much less than full employment, the expenditure will produce a genuine (non-inflationary) rise in the GNP. A true measure of the effect of governmental increase in the amount of money

29、made available, then, is not the simple dollar value of the initial injection but the cumulative effect of this injection through spending and re-spending. In the optimum case the initial expansion of income flow could be great enough to produce tax revenues in excess of the original “deficit spendi

30、ng“ or the “tax cut“, so that deficits are not only smaller than the increased GNP but are recouped. In Keynesian economics the fundamental point of government policy clearly is not budget-balancing but spending in the event of unused productive capacity and unemployment. Spending increases producti

31、vity. This productivity resulting from federal spending has overwhelmed the older economic myths of the balanced budget where government is conceived of as just another business firm.（分数：20.02）(1).The effect of governmental expenditures on the total economy varies with both the level of utilization

32、of labor and capital in the economy at the time of the expenditure, and the segment of the economy which receives the expenditure.（分数：2.86）_(2).If the economy as a whole or the segment of the economy which is the focus of the expenditure is operating at capacity or close to capacity, then the expend

33、iture“s major effects will tend to be inflationary, and will not generate much employment of capital and labor.（分数：2.86）_(3).If the economy or sector is operating at much less than full employment, the expenditure will produce a genuine (non-inflationary) rise in the GNP.（分数：2.86）_(4).A true measure

34、 of the effect of governmental increase in the amount of money made available, then, is not the simple dollar value of the initial injection but the cumulative effect of this injection through spending and re-spending.（分数：2.86）_(5).In the optimum case the initial expansion of income flow could be gr

35、eat enough to produce tax revenues in excess of the original “deficit spending“ or the “tax cut“, so that deficits are not only smaller than the increased GNP but are recouped.（分数：2.86）_(6).In Keynesian economics the fundamental point of government policy clearly is not budget-balancing but spending

36、 in the event of unused productive capacity and unemployment.（分数：2.86）_(7).Spending increases productivity. This productivity resulting from federal spending has overwhelmed the older economic myths of the balanced budget where government is conceived of as just another business firm.（分数：2.86）_五、试题

37、5(总题数：1，分数：20.00)In general, investment in the United States will be in the form of a subsidiary. It is possible for a non-U.S corporation to operate a branch office in the United States, but there are significant disadvantages to a branch, particularly with respect to its tax treatment. Branches of

38、 non-U.S corporations are not subject to federal regulation or registration requirements. However, each state will require a “foreign“ corporation to “qualify“ before “doing business“ in that state. A corporation will be considered “foreign“ if it is organized under the laws of another country or an

39、other state, and so this is not a requirement imposed only on non-U.S investors. “Doing business“ is a technical term that implies a substantial presence in the state. This would include the ownership of leasing of real property, the maintenance of a stock of goods for local sale, employee and the l

40、ike. Selling products to local customers, either directly or through an independent sales representative or distributor, would not itself constitute “doing business“. The states actually exercise little control over the qualification process other than to ensure that the qualifying entity“s name is

41、not confusingly similar to an already registered entity and that all registration fees and taxes are paid (qualification is basically a form of taxation). In most states, qualification for a non-U.S corporation consists of a relatively easy application, a registration fee, and a notarized or legalized copy of the corporation“s articles of incorporation (in English or a certified translation).（分数：20.00）(1).In g