【考研类试卷】同等学力人员申请硕士学位英语-28及答案解析.doc
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1、同等学力人员申请硕士学位英语-28 及答案解析(总分:100.00,做题时间:90 分钟)三、Section A(总题数:0,分数:0.00)四、Text 1(总题数:1,分数:21.00)Very soon, unimaginably powerful technologies will remake our lives. This could have dangerous consequences, especially because we may not even understand the basic science underlying them. There“s a growi
2、ng gap between our technological capability and our underlying scientific understanding. We can do very clever things with the technology of the future without necessarily understanding some of the science underneath, and that is very dangerous. The technologies that are particularly dangerous over
3、the next hundred years are nanotechnology, artificial intelligence and biotechnology. The benefits they will bring are beyond doubt but they are potentially very dangerous. In the field of artificial intelligence there are prototype designs for something that might be 50,000 million times smarter th
4、an the human brain by the year 2010. The only thing not feasible in the film Terminator is that the people win. If you“re fighting against technology that is much smarter than you, you probably will not win. We“ve all heard of the grey goo problem that self-replicating nanotech devices might keep on
5、 replicating until the world has been reduced to sticky goo, and certainly in biotechnology, we“ve really got a big problem because it“s converging with nanotechnology. Once you start mixing nanotech with organisms and you start feeding nanotech-enabled bacteria, we can go much further than the Borg
6、 in Star Trek , and those superhuman organisms might not like us very much. We are in a world now where science and commerce are increasingly bedfellows. The development of technology is happening in the context of global free trade regimes which see technological diffusion embedded with commerce as
7、 intrinsically a good. We should prepare for new and unfamiliar forms of argument around emerging technologies.(分数:21.00)(1).From the text, we know that the author“s greatest worry is _.(分数:3.50)A.our lack of technological understanding of the process involvedB.our lack of technological capabilityC.
8、creating technology without really understanding the issuesD.our refusal to face the consequences of the technology we create(2).It can be inferred from the text that the author _.(分数:3.50)A.thinks people overestimate the capabilities of technologyB.is not optimistic that artificial intelligence wil
9、l always be used positivelyC.thinks that we should take science fiction movies more seriouslyD.believes artificial intelligence is the greatest threat we face technologically(3).Why does the author say it is not feasible in the film Terminator that the humans win?(分数:3.50)A.Because the power of the
10、technology was exaggerated.B.Because the strength of the machines would be much greater.C.Because machines with that much intelligence would not allow it.D.Because even heroic humans would achieve nothing from such a battle.(4).The mixing of nanotech with organisms may _.(分数:3.50)A.produce dangerous
11、 viruses capable of killing many peopleB.produce creatures that are unfriendly to humansC.upset our balance of natureD.reduce the world to sticky glue(5).The author“s attitude toward the emerging technologies is _.(分数:3.50)A.criticalB.skepticalC.provocativeD.alarmist(6).Which one is correct accordin
12、g to this article?(分数:3.50)A.Human“s ability of understanding is faster than new technology.B.The future development of the unimaginable science is harder.C.Embeding technology with commerce is good only in free trade regimes.D.Emerging technologies are a challenge for human“s intelligence.五、Text 2(
13、总题数:1,分数:21.00)Specialization can be seen as a response to the problem of an increasing accumulation of scientific knowledge. By splitting up the subject matter into smaller units, one man could continue to handle the information and use it as the basis for further research. But specialization was o
14、nly one of a series of related developments in science affecting the process of communication. Another was the growing professionalization of scientific activity. No clear-cut distinction can be drawn between professionals and amateurs in science: exceptions can be found to any rule. Nevertheless, t
15、he word “amateur“ does carry a connotation that the person concerned is not fully integrated into the scientific community and, in particular, may not fully share its values. The growth of specialization in the nineteenth century, with its consequent requirement of a longer, more complex training, i
16、mplied greater problems for amateur participation in science. The trend was naturally most obvious in those areas of science based especially on a mathematical or laboratory training, and can be illustrated in terms of the development of geology in the United Kingdom. A comparison of British geologi
17、cal publications over the last century and a half reveals not simply an increasing emphasis on the primacy of research, but also a changing definition of what constitutes an acceptable research paper. Thus, in the nineteenth century, local geological studies represented worthwhile research in their
18、own right; but, in the twentieth century, local studies have increasingly become acceptable to professionals only if they incorporate, and reflect on, the wider geological picture. Amateurs, on the other hand, have continued to pursue local studies in the old way. The overall result has been to make
19、 entrance to professional geological journals harder for amateurs, a result that has been reinforced by the widespread introduction of refereeing, first by national journals in the nineteenth century and then by several local geological journals in the twentieth century. As a logical consequence of
20、this development, separate journals have now appeared aimed mainly towards either professional or amateur readership. A rather similar process of differentiation has led to professional geologists coming together nationally within one or two specific societies, whereas the amateurs have tended eithe
21、r to remain in local societies or to come together nationally in a different way. Although the process of professionalization and specialization was already well under way in British geology during the nineteenth century, its full consequences were thus delayed until the twentieth century. In scienc
22、e generally, however, the nineteenth century must be reckoned as the crucial period for this change in the structure of science.(分数:21.00)(1).The growth of specialization in the 19th century might be more clearly seen in sciences such as _.(分数:3.50)A.sociology and chemistryB.physics and psychologyC.
23、sociology and psychologyD.physics and chemistry(2).We can infer from the passage that _.(分数:3.50)A.there is little distinction between specialization and professionalizationB.amateurs can compete with professionals in some areas of scienceC.professionals tend to welcome amateurs into the scientific
24、communityD.amateurs have national academic societies but no local ones(3).The author writes of the development of geology to demonstrate _.(分数:3.50)A.the process of specialization and professionalizationB.the hardship of amateurs in scientific studyC.the change of policies in scientific publications
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