【考研类试卷】原核生物基因的表达调控及答案解析.doc

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1、原核生物基因的表达调控及答案解析(总分：100.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、Section Use of Eng(总题数：1，分数：10.00)The idea that some groups of people may be more intelligent than others is one of those hypotheses that dare not speak its name. But Gregory Cochran is (1) to say it anyway. He is that (2) bird, a scientist who works independe

2、ntly (3) any institution. He helped popularize the idea that some diseases not (4) thought to have a bacterial cause were actually infections, which aroused much controversy when it was first suggested.(5) he, however, might tremble at the (6) of what he is about to do. Together with another two sci

3、entists, he is publishing a paper which not only (7) that one group of humanity is more intelligent than the others, but explains the process that has brought this about. The group in (8) are a particular people originated from central Europe. The process is natural selection.This group generally do

4、 well in IQ test, (9) 12-15 points above the (10) value of 100, and have contributed (11) to the intellectual and cultural life of the West, as the (12) of their elites, including several world-renowned scientists, (13) . They also suffer more often than most people from a number of nasty genetic di

5、seases, such as breast cancer. These facts, (14) , have previously been thought unrelated. The former has been (15) to social effects, such as a strong tradition of (16) education. The latter was seen as a (an) (17) of genetic isolation. Dr. Cochran suggests that the intelligence and diseases are in

6、timately (18) . His argument is that the unusual history of these people has (19) them to unique evolutionary pressures that have resulted in this (20) state of affairs.（分数：10.00）(1).A selected B prepared C obliged D pleased（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(2).A unique B particular C special D rare（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.

7、(3).A of B with C in D against（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(4).A subsequently B presently C previously D lately（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(5).A Only B So C Even D Hence（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(6).A thought B sight C cost D risk（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(7).A advises B suggests C protests D objects（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(8).A progress B fact C

8、 need D question（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(9).A attaining B scoring C reaching D calculating（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(10).A normal B common C mean D total（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(11).A unconsciously B disproportionately C indefinitely D unaccountably（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(12).A missions B fortunes C interests D careers（分数：0.50）

9、A.B.C.D.(13).A affirm B witness C observe D approve（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(14).A moreover B therefore C however D meanwhile（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(15).A given up B got over C carried on D put down（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(16).A assessing B supervising C administering D valuing（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(17).A development B origi

10、n C consequence D instrument（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(18).A linked B integrated C woven D combined（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(19).A limited. B subjected C converted D directed（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(20).A paradoxical B incompatible C inevitable D continuous（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.二、Section Reading Co(总题数：0，分数：0.00)三、Part A(总题数：0，

11、分数：0.00)四、Text 1(总题数：1，分数：10.00)The Supreme Court will hear arguments about the use of public money for the private schooling of children with special needs. Its interesting to note whats not at issue: namely, that when a public school system is unable to provide an appropriate education, it is obli

12、gated to pay the costs of private school. Too bad poor children dont have that unshakable right; if they did, there would be no controversy about the District program that gives vouchers to low-income children to attend private schools.The case to be heard by the court hinges on whether parents have

13、 to enroll a child with special needs in public school before the child can attend private school at public expense. Special-education advocates say students shouldnt have to waste time before being placed in a setting that best suits their needs, while school boards worry about a ruling that could

14、amount to an unfettered fight to private schooling at public expense. What strikes us about the emotionally charged debate is the acceptance by both sides that sometimes it is appropriate to use public money to pay for a child to go to a private school. So, why all the arguments about the approximat

15、ely$14 million for a federally funded program that lets 1,700 D. C. students attend private schools instead of failing public schools?To hear critics of the D. C. Opportunity Scholarship Program tell it, the use of public money for private schooling is as unprecedented as it is undesirable. In addit

16、ion to the billions of dollars spent annually on private school tuitions for students with disabilities, private schools get public money for books, technology and teacher training. As long as the money is seen as benefiting the child, it is considered a proper, even desirable, use of public dollars

17、.Dont get us wrong. Were not arguing for the unilateral right of parents to enroll their sons and daughters in any school they wish with the taxpayers picking up the bill. Abuse of special-education policies has contributed to increased costs that threaten to take needed money from general public ed

18、ucation funds. Safeguards are needed. Public schools should be pressed to do a better job for students with disabilities and students without. But there are schools in Washington where statistics show that failure is almost guaranteed. If a school system cant educate a childwhether because of acute

19、special needs or its own historical failingswhy should that child not have options for a “ free appropriate public education “ ?（分数：10.00）(1).What can be inferred from the arguments at the Supreme Court?A Too much public money is put into the private schools for children with special needs.B Public

20、schools are of very poor education quality.C People consider it is reasonable to use public money for certain students private schooling.D People find it is amusing arguing about spending public money for private schooling.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(2).Which of the following is TRUE about the special-educati

21、on advocates opinion?A They strongly believe that children should be put directly into the private schools.B They think that children should try out both places before making decisions.C They dont feel there is still a need to argue about this problem any more.D They hold the opinion that parents ca

22、n make decisions for their children.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(3).What does the word “ unfettered “ (Line 4, Para. 2)mean?A Unlimited. B Extreme. C Unwanted. D Ultimate.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(4).What can we infer from the last paragraph?A While putting public money in private schools, public schools can also bene

23、fit.B Public schools only consider the need of students without disabilities.C It is childrens right to choose private schools when public ones arent good enough.D There is evidence to show that public schools in Washington D. C. are terrible.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(5).What is the authors attitude toward

24、using public money to pay for the private schooling of the disabled students?A Passionate. B Supportive. C Confused. D Hesitant.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.五、Text 2(总题数：1，分数：10.00)Effective communication is essential for all organisations. It links the activities of the various parts of the organisation and en

25、sures that everyone is working towards a Common goal. It is also extremely important for motivating employees. Staff need to know how they are getting on, what they are doing right and in which areas they could improve. Working alone can be extremely difficult and it is much easier if someone takes

26、an interest and provides support. Employees need to understand why their job is important and how it contributes to the overall success of the firm. Personal communication should also include target setting. People usually respond well to goals, provided these are agreed between the manager and subo

27、rdinate and not imposed.However, firms often have communications problems that can undermine their performance. In many cases, these problems occur because messages are passed on in an inappropriate way. There are of course, several ways of conveying information to others in the organisation. These

28、include speaking to them directly, e-mailing, telephoning or sending a memo. The most appropriate method depends on what exactly it is you are communicating. For example, anything that is particularly sensitive or confidential, such as an employees appraisal, should be done face-to-face.One of the m

29、ain problems for senior executives is that they do not have the time or resources needed to communicate effectively. In large companies, for example, it is impossible for senior managers to meet and discuss progress with each employee individually. Obviously this task can be delegated but at the cos

30、t of creating a gap between senior management and staff. As a result, managers are often forced to use other methods of communication. Like memos or notes, even if they know these are not necessarily the most suitable means of passing on messages.The use of technology, such as e-mail, mobile phones

31、and network system, is speeding up communication immensely. However, this does not mean that more investment in technology automatically proves beneficial, systems can become outdated or employees may lack appropriate training. There are many communications tools now available but a firm cannot affo

32、rd all of them. Even if it could, it does not actually need them all. The potential gains must be weighed up against the costs, and firms should realise that more communication does not necessarily mean better communication.As the number of people involved in an organisation increase, the use of wri

33、tten communication rises even faster. Instead of a quick conversation to sort something out numerous messages can be passed backwards and forwards. This can lead to a tremendous amount of paperwork and is often less effective than face to face communication. When you are actually talking to someone

34、you can discuss things until you are happy they have understood and feedback is immediate. With written messages, however, you are never quite sure how it will be received. What you think you have said and what the other person thinks you have said can be very different.The amount of written informa

35、tion generated in large organisations today can lead to communication overload. So much information is gathered that it gets in the-way of making decisions. Take a look at the average managers desk and you will see the problemit is often covered in letters, reports and memos. This overload can lead

36、to inefficiencies. For example, managers may not be able to find the information they want when they need it. Communication is also becoming more difficult with the changes occurring in employment patterns. With more people working part-time and working from home, managing communication is becoming

37、increasingly complex.（分数：10.00）(1).According to the writer, the best way of achieving effective communication is to_.A adapt the message to suit a particular audienceB make the content of message brief and directC select the most suitable means of conveying a particular messageD ensure that informat

38、ion is targeted at the appropriate group of people（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(2).What does the writer say about the communication options available to senior managers?A Sending memos to staff is one of the most efficient methods.B It is important to find the time to discuss certain matters with staff.C They s

39、hould increase the range of options that they use.D Getting junior managers to talk to staff can create different problems.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(3).What advice is given about the communication tools made available by technology?A Aim to limit staff use of certain communication tools.B Evaluate them in t

40、erms of the expenditure involved.C Select them on the basis of the facilities they offer.D Encourage more staff to attend training courses in their use.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(4).According to the writer, a problem with written communication is that_.A the message can be interpreted differently to what was

41、 intendedB it can be easy for people to ignore the contents of a written messageC most people are more comfortable with face-to-face communicationD it is possible for correspondence to get lost within a large organisation（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(5).According to the article, what is the effect of receiving

42、large amounts of written information?A It is counter-productive.B It causes conflict in a company.C It leads to changes in work patterns.D It makes the main points more difficult to identify.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.六、Text 3(总题数：1，分数：10.00)While the ripples of Americas subprime-mortgage crisis have spread f

43、ar and wide, Latin Americaa place long associated with financial disasterhas remained improbably calm. Banks have reported no unpleasant surprises. Brazil and Peru have been blessed with coveted investment-grade ratings. Surprisingly, perhaps the fleetest country of all has been Argentina. Since it

44、emerged from the financial crisis of 2001-02, it has been one of the worlds fastest-growing economies. It is expected to expand faster than most of its neighbors again this year. Quite simply, it barely has any credit. Back when its economy virtually collapsed, the country suffered a run on its bank

45、s, followed by a freeze on withdrawals, and a massive currency devaluation. As a result, bank lending to the private sector shrivelled, from 23.8% of GDP in 2000 to 10.8% in 2003. Since then, it has rebounded to a piddling 13% ; by contrast, the ratio in Brazil was 36.5% in 2006. Almost all of these

46、 loans in Argentina are accessible only on a short-term basis. Once its recovery began in June 2002, Argentina became a paradise for business. Unemployment of over 20% kept wages down, and the devaluation gave exporters an edge on foreign competitors. The ample productive capacity left idle by the c

47、risis meant firms could expand without making big investments. And the windfall profits reaped by agricultural exporters, thanks to record commodities prices, enabled many of them to finance new projects out of earnings. Hence the economy could grow at almost 9% a year with little need for credit. B

48、ut such a lucky confluence of factors could not last. Starting in early 2005 ,.inflation picked up, a sign that the installed capacity was starting to limit output. Salaries and prices for raw materials increased sharply, cutting into profits. And farmers were particularly hard hit when the governme

49、nt nearly doubled the taxes in farm exports. Now, just as companies need to embark on big investments if they are to keep growing, their margins are no longer big enough to pay for the expansion and they need to borrow. So, the time is ripe for the countrys financial system to recover. But a number of things are in the wa