【考研类试卷】考博英语-87及答案解析.doc

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1、考博英语-87 及答案解析(总分：100.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、Reading Comprehensio(总题数：0，分数：0.00)二、Text 1(总题数：1，分数：20.00)Personality is to a large extent inherentA-type parents usually bring about A-type offspring. But the environment must also have a profound effect, since if competition is important to the parents, it is

2、likely to become a major factor in the lives of their children. One place where children soak up A-characteristics is school, which is, by its very nature, a highly competitive institution. Too many schools adopt “the win at all costs“ moral standard and measure their success by sporting achievement

3、s. The current passion for making children compete against their classmates or against the clock produces a two-layer system, in which competitive A-types seem in some way better than their B-type fellows. Being too keen to win can have dangerous consequences: remember that Pheidippides, the first m

4、arathon runner, dropped dead seconds after saying: “Rejoice, we conquer!“ By far the worst form of competition in schools is the disproportionate emphasis on examinations. It is a rare school that allows pupils to concentrate on those things they do well. The merits of competition by examination are

5、 somewhat questionable, but competition in the certain knowledge of failure is positively harmful. Obviously, it is neither practical nor desirable that all A-youngsters change into B“s. The world needs A-types, and schools have an important duty to try to fit a child“s personality to his possible f

6、uture employment. It is top management. If the preoccupation of schools with academic work was lessened, more time might be spent teaching children surer values. Perhaps selection for the caring professions, especially medicine could be made less by good grades in chemistry and more by such consider

7、ations as sensitivity and sympathy. It is surely a mistake to choose our doctors exclusively from A-type stock. B“s are important and should be encouraged.（分数：20.00）(1).According to the passage, A-type individuals are usually _.（分数：5.00）A.impatientB.considerateC.aggressiveD.agreeable(2).The author i

8、s strongly opposed to the practice of examinations at schools because _.（分数：5.00）A.the pressure is too great on the studentsB.some students are bound to failC.failure rates are too highD.the results of examinations are doubtful(3).The selection of medical professionals are currently based on _.（分数：5

9、.00）A.candidates“ sensitivityB.academic achievementsC.competitive spiritD.surer values(4).From the passage we can draw the conclusion that _.（分数：5.00）A.the personality of a child is well established at birthB.family influence dominates the shaping of one“s characteristicsC.the development of one“s p

10、ersonality is due to multiple factorsD.B-type characteristics can find no place in competitive society三、Text 2(总题数：1，分数：20.00)That experiences influence subsequent behaviour is evidence of an obvious but nevertheless remarkable activity called remembering. Learning could not occur without the functi

11、on popularly named memory. Constant practice has such as effect on memory as to lead to skillful performance on the piano, to recitation of a poem, and even to reading and understanding these words. So-called intelligent behaviour demands memory, remembering being a primary requirement for reasoning

12、. The ability to solve any problem or even to recognize that a problem exists depends on memory. Typically, the decision to cross a street is based on remembering many earlier experiences. Practice (or review) tends to build and maintain memory for a task or for any learned material. Over a period o

13、f no practice what has been learned tends to be forgotten; and the adaptive consequences may not seem obvious. Yet, dramatic instances of sudden forgetting can seem to be adaptive. In this sense, the ability to forget can be interpreted to have survived through a process of natural selection in anim

14、als. Indeed, when one“s memory of an emotionally painful experience lead to serious anxiety, forgetting may produce relief. Nevertheless, an evolutionary interpretation might make it difficult to understand how the commonly gradual process of forgetting survived natural selection. In thinking about

15、the evolution of memory together with all its possible aspects, it is helpful to consider what would happen if memories failed to fade. Forgetting clearly aids orientation in time, since old memories weaken and the new tend to stand out, providing clues for inferring duration. Without forgetting, ad

16、aptive ability would suffer, for example, learned behaviour that might have been correct a decade ago may no longer be. Cases are recorded of people who (by ordinary standards) forgot so little that their everyday activities were full of confusion. This forgetting seems to serve that survival of the

17、 individual and the species. Another line of thought assumes a memory storage system of limited capacity that provides adaptive flexibility specifically through forgetting. In this view, continual adjustments are made between learning or memory storage (input) and forgetting (output). Indeed, there

18、is evidence that the rate at which individuals forget is directly related to how much they have learned. Such data offers gross support of contemporary models of memory that assume an input-output balance.（分数：20.00）(1).From the evolutionary point of view, _.（分数：5.00）A.forgetting for lack of practice

19、 tends to be obviously inadaptiveB.if a person gets very forgetful all of a sudden he must be very adaptiveC.the gradual process of forgetting is an indication of an individual“s adaptabilityD.sudden forgetting may bring about adaptive consequences(2).According to the passage, if a person never forg

20、ot, _.（分数：5.00）A.he would survive bestB.he would have a lot of troubleC.his ability to learn would be enhancedD.the evolution of memory would stop(3).From the last paragraph we know that _.（分数：5.00）A.forgetfulness is a response to learningB.the memory storage system is an exactly balanced input-outp

21、ut systemC.memory is a compensation for forgettingD.the capacity of a memory storage system is limited because forgetting occurs(4).In this article, the author tries to interpret the function of _.（分数：5.00）A.rememberingB.forgettingC.adaptingD.experiencing四、Text 3(总题数：1，分数：20.00)The American economic

22、 system is organized around a basically private-enterprise, market- oriented economy in which consumers largely determine what shall be produced by spending their money in the marketplace for those goods and services that they want most. Private businessmen, striving to make profits, produce these g

23、oods and services in competition with other businessmen; and the profit motive, operating under competitive pressures, largely determines how these goods and services are produced. Thus, in the American economic system it is the demand of individual consumers, coupled with the desire of businessmen

24、to maximize profits and the desire of individuals to maximize their incomes, that together determine what shall be produced and how resources are used to produce it. An important factor in a market-oriented economy is the mechanism by which consumer demands can be expressed and responded to by produ

25、cers. In the American economy, this mechanism is provided by a price system, a process in which prices rise and fall in response to relative demands of consumers and supplies offered by seller-producers. If the product is in short supply relative to the demand, the price will be bid up and some cons

26、umers will be eliminated from the market. If, on the other hand, producing more of a commodity results in reducing its cost, this will tend to increase the supply offered by seller-producers, which in turn will lower the price and permit more consumers to buy the product. Thus, price is the regulati

27、ng mechanism in the American economic system. The important factor in a private-enterprise economy is that individuals are allowed to own productive resources (private property), and they are permitted to hire labor, gain control over natural resources, and produce goods and services for sale at a p

28、rofit. In the American economy, the concept of private property embraces not only the ownership of productive resources but also certain rights, including the right to determine the price of a product or to make a flee contract with another private individual.（分数：20.00）(1).In Line 7, Paragraph 1, “t

29、he desire of individuals to maximize their incomes“ means_.（分数：5.00）A.Americans are never satisfied with their incomesB.Americans tend to overstate their incomesC.Americans want to have their incomes increasedD.Americans want to increase the purchasing power of their incomes(2).The first two sentenc

30、es in the second paragraph tell us that _.（分数：5.00）A.producers can satisfy the consumers by mechanized productionB.consumers can express their demands through producersC.producers decide the prices of productsD.supply and demand regulate prices(3).According to the passage, a private-enterprise econo

31、my is characterized by _.（分数：5.00）A.private property and rights concernedB.manpower and natural resources controlC.ownership of productive resourcesD.free contracts and prices(4).The passage is mainly about _.（分数：5.00）A.how American goods are producedB.how American consumers buy their goodsC.how Ame

32、rican economic system worksD.how American businessmen make their profits五、Text 4(总题数：1，分数：20.00)One hundred and thirteen million Americans have at least one bank-issued credit card. They give their owners automatic credit in stores, restaurants, and hotels, at home, across the country, and even abro

33、ad, and they make many banking services available as well. More and more of these credit cards can be read automatically, making it possible to withdraw or deposit money in scattered locations, whether or not the local branch bank is open. For many of us the “cashless society“ is not on the horizoni

34、t“s already here. While computers offer these conveniences to consumers, they have many advantages for sellers too. Electronic cash registers can do much more than simply ring up sales. They can keep a wide range of records, including who sold what, when, and to whom. This information allows busines

35、smen to keep track of their list of goods by showing which items are being sold and how fast they are moving. Decisions to reorder or return goods to suppliers can then be made. At the same time these computers record which hours are busiest and which employees are the most efficient, allowing perso

36、nnel and staffing assignments to be made accordingly. And they also identify preferred customers for promotional campaigns. Computers are relied on by manufacturers for similar reasons. Computer-analyzed marketing reports can help to decide which products to emphasize now, which to develop for the f

37、uture, and which to drop. Computers keep track of goods in stock, of raw materials on hand, and even of the production process itself. Numerous other commercial enterprises, from theaters to magazine publishers, from gas and electric utilities to milk processors, bring better and more efficient serv

38、ices to consumers through the use of computers.（分数：20.00）(1).According to the passage, the credit card enables its owner to _.（分数：5.00）A.withdraw as much money from the bank as he wishesB.obtain more convenient services than other people doC.enjoy greater trust from the storekeeperD.cash money where

39、ver he wishes to(2).From the last sentence of the first paragraph we learn that _.（分数：5.00）A.in the future all the Americans will use credit cardsB.credit cards are mainly used in the United States todayC.nowadays many Americans do not pay in cashD.it is now more convenient to use credit cards than

40、before(3).The phrase “ring up sales“ (Line 2, Para. 2) most probably means “_“.（分数：5.00）A.make an order of goodsB.record sales on a cash registerC.call the sales managerD.keep track of the goods in stock(4).What is this passage mainly about?（分数：5.00）A.Approaches to the commercial use of computers.B.

41、Conveniences brought about by computers in business.C.Significance of automation in commercial enterprises.D.Advantages of credit cards in business.六、Text 5(总题数：1，分数：20.00)Exceptional children are different in some significant way from others of the same age. For these children to develop to their f

42、ull adult potential, their education must be adapted to those differences. Although we focus on the needs of exceptional children, we find ourselves describing their environment as well. While the leading actor on the stage captures our attention, we are aware of the importance of the supporting pla

43、yers and the scenery of the play itself. Both the family and the society in which exceptional children live are often the key to their growth and development. And it is in the public schools that we find the full expression of society“ s understandingthe knowledge, hopes, and fears that are passed o

44、n to the next generation. Education in any society is a mirror of that society. In that minor we can see the strengths, the weaknesses, the hopes, the prejudices, and the central values of the culture itself. The great interest in exceptional children shown in public education over the past three de

45、cades indicates the strong feeling in our society that all citizens, whatever their special conditions, deserve the opportunity to fully develop their capabilities. “All men are created equal.“ We“ve heard it many times, but it still has important meaning for education in a democratic society. Altho

46、ugh the phrase was used by this country“s founders to denote equality before the law, it has also been interpreted to mean equality of opportunity. That concept implies educational opportunity for all childrenthe right of each child to receive help in learning to the limits of his or her capacity, w

47、hether that capacity be small or great. Recent court decisions have confirmed the right of all childrendisabled or notto an appropriate education, and have ordered that public schools take the necessary steps to provide that education. In response, schools are modifying their programs, adapting inst

48、ruction to children who are exceptional, to those who cannot profit substantially from regular programs.（分数：20.00）(1).In Paragraph 2, the author cites the example of the leading actor on the stage to show that _.（分数：5.00）A.the growth of exceptional children has much to do with their family and the s

49、ocietyB.exceptional children are more influenced by their families than normal children areC.exceptional children are the key interest of the family and societyD.the needs of the society weigh much heavier than the needs of the exceptional children(2).The reason that the exceptional children receive so much concern in education is that _.（分数：5.00）A.they are expected to be leaders of the societyB.they might become a burden of the societyC.they should fully develop their potentialsD.disabled children deser