【考研类试卷】考博英语-459及答案解析.doc

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1、考博英语-459 及答案解析(总分：100.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、Part Listening Com(总题数：0，分数：0.00)二、Section A(总题数：1，分数：30.00)The Mayor asked the city council to recommend potential programs for the benefit of the indigent.（分数：30.00）A.transientB.unemployedC.homelessD.needyA.a crankB.cuckooC.an anchoriteD.unconventionalA.wrappe

2、d upB.impressedC.disinvolvedD.impatientA.enflamesB.burnsC.lightsD.blackensA.hiddenB.profoundC.mutualD.racialA.magnifyB.enlargeC.amplifyD.reinforceA.departedB.decreasedC.descendedD.derailedA.indistinct paradigmsB.separate reasonsC.irreplaceable conceptsD.independent entitiesA.implyB.indicateC.symboli

3、zeD.precedeA.suitableB.selectedC.aptD.fitA.in the store forB.in store forC.waitingD.awaiting forA.is for. is asB.as. is: asC.is to. whatD.what is. is asA.keep it as a secretB.keep it to be a secretC.keep it a secretD.keep it being a secretA.touching on itB.touching it upC.touching itD.touching it do

4、wnA.to whichB.thatC.whichD.of whichA.extravagantB.producedC.divergentD.repetitiousA.permanentB.temporaryC.corruptD.cravenA.demolishedB.took overC.inhabitedD.thoroughly searchedA.millionairesB.endorsementC.governmentsD.donationsA.overlookedB.praiseC.condemnedD.satisfiedA.prospectiveB.respectiveC.pers

5、pectiveD.prescriptiveA.depositionB.destructionC.deprivationD.reductionA.takes upB.takes offC.takes apartD.takes overA.decomposedB.dispersedC.dissolvedD.disintegratedA.answer forB.run intoC.abide byD.step intoA.It beB.Be itC.It wasD.Was itA.NearlyB.It is nearlyC.That nearlyD.When nearlyA.butB.theC.mu

6、chD.anyA.three times more the world averageB.three times as much the world averageC.three times the world averageD.the world average is three timesA.always. withB.ever. withoutC.ever. withD.never. without三、Section B(总题数：1，分数：10.00)(Each) employee with (a modicum of intelligence) (would be able to) u

7、ndertake (such) a basic process.（分数：10.00）A.EachB.a modicum of intelligenceC.would be able toD.suchA.will improveB.forecast to beC.unemploymentD.in previous yearsA.of concern toB.prison reformC.abusing childrenD.wasteA.on the vergeB.incurringC.whileD.imperceptiblyA.The aboveB.whichC.can be toldD.pri

8、mitiveA.manner in whichB.rather thanC.whichD.whetherA.partly because of language, and partly because of religionB.long been consideringC.to separateD.the restA.DespiteB.deploringC.adamantD.itsA.chemical compoundsB.inC.solutionD.taste sharpA.three-fourthsB.onC.areD.the nineteenth四、Part Cloze(总题数：1，分数

9、：10.00)Are you always sure you know what people mean when they try to describe their feelings to you? We use both words and gestures to express our feelings, but the problem is that these words and gestures can be interpreted in different ways.It is true that a smile means the same thing in any lang

10、uage. So (41) . laughter or crying. There are also a number of striking similarities in the way different animals show the (42) feeling. Tigers and humans, for example, often show their teeth when they are angry. This is probably (43) such behavior patterns are inherited rather than (44) .Fear is an

11、other emotion that is shown in (45) the same way all over the world. In Chinese and in English fiction, a phrase like “he went pale and began to tremble“ suggests that the man is (46) very afraid or has just had a very nasty shock. However, “he opened his eyes wide“ is used to suggested anger in Chi

12、nese (47) in English it conveys surprise. In Chinese surprise can be described in a phrase like “they stretched (48) their tongues“. Sticking out your tongue in (49) is an insulting gesture or expresses disgust.Even in the same (50) , people differ (51) their ability to interpret and express feeling

13、s. Experiments in America have shown that women are usually better than men (52) recognizing fear, anger, love and happiness on peoples faces. Disgust, contempt and suffering seem to (53) the most difficult emotions for people everywhere either to recognize or to (54) . Other studies have (55) that

14、older people usually find (56) easier to interpret body language the way (people stand or move etc. ) than younger people (57) . And psychologists such as E. G. Beier have also shown that some people frequently give completely the wrong impression of (58) they feel. For instance, they try to show af

15、fection but in fact actually communicate dislike. Or when want to show interest, they give the impression that they dont care. This can happen even among close friends and members of the same family. In (59) words, what we think we are communicating through language, voice, face and body movement ma

16、y be the exact (60) of what other people understand.（分数：10.00）填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_五、Part Reading Compr(总题数：0，分数：0.00)六、Section A(总题数：0，分数：0.00)七、Passage One(总题数：1，分数：5.00)Cities de

17、velop as a result of functions that they can perform. Some functions result directly from the ingenuity of the citizenry, but most functions result from the needs of the local area and of the surrounding hinterland (the region that supplies goods to the city and to which the city furnishes services

18、and other goods). Geographers often make a distinction between the situation, and the site of a city. Situation refers to the general position in relation to the surrounding region, whereas site involves physical characteristics of the specific location. Situation is normally much more important to

19、the continuing prosperity of a city. If a city is well situated in regard to its hinterland, its development is much more likely to continue. Chicago, for example, possesses an almost unparalleled situation. It is located at the southern end of a huge lake that forces east-west transportation lines

20、to be compressed into its vicinity, and at a meeting of significant land and water transport routes. It also overlooks what is one of the worlds finest large farming regions. These factors ensured that Chicago would become a great city regardless of the disadvantageous characteristics of the availab

21、le site, such as being prone to flooding during thunderstorm activity.Similarly, it can be argued that much of New York Citys importance stems from its early and continuing advantage of situation. Philadelphia and Boston both originated at about the same time as New York and shared New Yorks locatio

22、n at the western end of one of the worlds most important oceanic trade routes, but only New York possesses an easy-access functional connection (the Hudson-Mohawk lowland) to the vast Midwestern hinterland. This account does not alone explain New Yorks primacy, but it does include several important

23、factors. Among the many aspects of situation that help to explain why some cities grow and others do not, original location on a navigable waterway seems particularly applicable. Of course, such characteristic as slope, drainage, power resources, river crossings, coastal shapes, and other physical c

24、haracteristics help to determine city location, but such factors are normally more significant in early stages of city development than later.（分数：5.00）(1).What does the passage mainly discuss?（分数：1.00）A.The development of trade routes through United States citiesB.Contrasts in settlement patterns in

25、 United StatesC.Historical differences among three large United States citiesD.The importance of geographical situation in the growth of United States cities(2).The passage suggests that a geographer would consider a citys soil type part of its _.（分数：1.00）A.hinterlandB.situationC.siteD.function(3).A

26、ccording to the passage, a citys situation is more important than its site in regard to the citys _.（分数：1.00）A.long-term growth and prosperityB.ability to protect its citizenryC.possession of favorable weather conditionsD.need to import food supplies(4).The author mentions each of the following as a

27、n advantage of Chicagos location EXCEPT _.（分数：1.00）A.hinterlandB.nearness to a large lakeC.position in regard to transport routesD.flat terrain(5).The primary purpose of paragraph 1 is to _.（分数：1.00）A.summarize past research and introduce a new studyB.describe a historical periodC.emphasize the adva

28、ntages of one theory over anotherD.define a term and illustrate it with an example八、Passage Two(总题数：1，分数：5.00)The two claws of the mature American lobster are decidedly different from each other. The crusher claw is short and stout; the cutter claw is long and slender. Such bilateral asymmetry, in w

29、hich the right side of the body is, in all other respects, a mirror image of the left side, is not unlike handedness in humans. But where the majority of humans are right-handed, in lobsters the crusher claw appears with equal probability on either the right side or left side of the body.Bilateral a

30、symmetry of the claws comes about gradually. In the juvenile fourth and fifth stages of development, the paired claws are symmetrical and cutterlike. Asymmetry begins to appear in the juvenile sixth stage of development, and the paired claws further diverge toward well-defined cutter and crusher cla

31、ws during succeeding stages. An intriguing aspect of this development was discovered by Victor Emmel. He found that if one of the paired claws is removed during the fourth or fifth stage, the intact claw invariably becomes a crusher, while the regenerated claw becomes a cutter. Removal of a claw dur

32、ing a later juvenile stage or during adulthood, when asymmetry is present, does not alter the asymmetry; the intact and regenerate claws retain their original structures.These observations indicate that the conditions that trigger differentiation must operate in a random manner when the paired claws

33、 are intact but in a nonrandom manner when one of the claws is lost. One possible explanation is that differential use of the claws determines their asymmetry. Perhaps the claw that is used more becomes the crusher. This would explain why, when one of the claws is missing during the fourth or fifth

34、stage, the intact claw always becomes a crusher. With two intact claws, initial use of one claw might prompt the animal to use it more than the other throughout the juvenile fourth and fifth stages, causing it to become a crusher.To test this hypothesis, researchers raised lobsters in the juvenile f

35、ourth and fifth stages of development in a laboratory environment in which the lobsters could manipulate oyster chips. (Not coincidentally, at this stage of development lobsters typically change from a habitat where they drift passively, to the ocean floor where they have the opportunity to be more

36、active by borrowing in the substrate.) Under these conditions, the lobsters developed asymmetric claws, half with cutter claws on the left, and half with crusher claws on the right. In contrast, when juvenile lobsters were reared in a smooth tank without the oyster chips, the majority developed two

37、cutter claws. This unusual configuration of symmetrical cutter claws did not change when the lobsters were subsequently placed in a manipulatable environment or when they lost and regenerated one or both claws.（分数：5.00）(1).The passage is primarily concerned with _.（分数：1.00）A.drawing an analogy betwe

38、en asymmetry in lobsters and handed in humans.B.developing a method for predicating whether crusher claws in lobster will appear on the left or right sideC.explaining differences between lobsters crusher claws and cutter clawsD.discussing a possible explanation for the way bilateral asymmetry is det

39、ermined in lobsters(2).Which of the following experimental results, if observed, would most clearly contradict the findings of Victor Emmel?（分数：1.00）A.A left cutterlike claw is removed in the fifth stage and a crusher claw develops on the right side.B.A left cutterlike claw is removed in the fourth

40、stage and a crusher claw develops on the left side.C.A left cutterlike claw is removed in the six stage and a crushe-claw develops on the right side.D.A left cutterlike claw is removed in the fourth stage and a crusher claw develops on the right sid(3).It can be inferred from the passage that one di

41、fference between lobsters in the earlier stages of development and those in the juvenile fourth and fifth stages is that lobsters in the early stages are _.（分数：1.00）A.likely to be less activeB.likely to be less symmetricalC.more likely to replace a crusher claw with a cutter claw.D.more likely to re

42、generate a lost claw(4).Which of the following conditions does the passage suggest is a possible cause for the failure of a lobster to develop a crusher claw?（分数：1.00）A.The loss of a claw during the third or earlier stage of development.B.The lose of claw during the fourth or fifth stage of developm

43、ent.C.The loss of a claw during the sixth stage of development.D.Development in an environment devoid of material that can be manipulate(5).The author regards the idea that differentiation is triggered randomly when paired claws remain intact as _.（分数：1.00）A.irrefutable considering the authoritative

44、 nature of Emmels observationsB.likely in view of present evidenceC.contradictory to conventional thinking on lobster-claw differentiationD.purely speculative because it is based on scattered research and experimentation九、Passage Three(总题数：1，分数：12.00)The earth is witnessing an urban revolution, as p

45、eople worldwide crowd into towns and cities. In 1800 only five percent of the worlds population were urban dwellers; now the proportion has risen to more than forty-five percent, and by the year 2010 more people will live in towns and cities than in the countryside. Humanity will, for the first time

46、, have become a predominantly urban species.Though the world is getting more crowded by the day, absolute numbers of population are less important than where people concentrate and whether these areas can cope with them. Even densities, however, tell us nothing about the quality of the infrastructur

47、e-roads, housing and job creation, for example-or the availability of crucial services.The main question, then, is not how many people there are in a given area, but how well their needs can be met. Density figures have to be set beside measurements of wealth and employment, the quality of housing a

48、nd the availability of education, medical care, clean water, sanitation and other vital services. The urban revolution is taking place mainly in the Third World, where it is hardest to accommodate.Between 1950 and 1985 the number of city dwellers grew more than twice as fast in the Third World as in industrialized countries. During this period, the urban population of the developed world increased from 477 million to 838 million, less than double; but it quadrupled in developing countries, from 28