【考研类试卷】2019年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语一真题（无答案）.doc

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1、2019 年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语一真题及答案解析(总分：100.00，做题时间：180 分钟)一、Section Use of Eng(总题数：1，分数：10.00)Today we live in a world where GPS systems, digital maps, and other navigation apps are available on our smart phones. （1）of us just walk straight into the woods without a phone. But phones （2） on batteries, and

2、batteries can die faster than we realize. （2） you get lost without a phone or a compass, and you （4） cant find north, a few tricks to help you navigate （5） to civilization, one of which is to follow the land.When you find yourself well （6） a trail, but not in a completely （7） area, you have to answe

3、r two questions: Which （8） is downhill, in this particular area? And where is the nearest water source? Humans overwhelmingly live in valleys, and on supplies of fresh water. （9） , if you head downhill, and follow any H2O you find, you should （10） see signs of people.If youve explored the area befor

4、e, keep an eye out for familiar sightsyou may be （11） how quickly identifying a distinctive rock or tree can restore your bearings.Another （12） : Climb high and look for signs of human habitation. （13） , even in dense forest, you should be able to （14） gaps in the tree line due to roads, train track

5、s, and other paths people carve （15） the woods. Head toward these （16） to find a way out. At night, scan the horizon for （17） light sources, such as fires and streetlights, then walk toward the glow of light pollution.（18） , assuming youre lost in an area humans tend to frequent, look for the （19） w

6、e leave on the landscape. Trail blazes, tire tracks, and other features can （20） you to civilization.（分数：10.0）(1).（分数：0.5）A.SomeB.MostC.FewD.All(2).（分数：0.5）A.putB.takeC.runD.come(3).（分数：0.5）A.SinceB.IfC.ThoughD.Until(4).（分数：0.5）A.formallyB.relativelyC.graduallyD.literally(5).（分数：0.5）A.backB.nextC.ar

7、oundD.away(6).（分数：0.5）A.ontoB.offC.acrossD.alone(7).（分数：0.5）A.unattractiveB.uncrowdedC.unchangedD.unfamiliar(8).（分数：0.5）A.siteB.pointC.wayD.place(9).（分数：0.5）A.SoB.YetC.InsteadD.Besides(10).（分数：0.5）A.immediatelyB.intentionallyC.unexpectedlyD.eventually(11).（分数：0.5）A.surprisedB.annoyedC.frightenedD.co

8、nfused(12).（分数：0.5）A.problemB.optionC.viewD.result(13).（分数：0.5）A.Above allB.In contrastC.On averageD.For example(14).（分数：0.5）A.bridgeB.avoidC.spotD.separate(15).（分数：0.5）A.fromB.throughC.beyondD.under(16).（分数：0.5）A.postsB.linksC.shadesD.breaks(17).（分数：0.5）A.artificialB.mysteriousC.hiddenD.limited(18)

9、.（分数：0.5）A.FinallyB.ConsequentlyC.incidentallyD.Generally(19).（分数：0.5）A.memoriesB.marksC.notesD.belongings(20).（分数：0.5）A.restrictB.adoptC.leadD.expose二、Section Reading Co(总题数：0，分数：0.00)三、Part A(总题数：4，分数：40.00)Text 1Financial regulations in Britain have imposed a rather unusual rule on the bosses of

10、big banks. Starting next year, any guaranteed bonus of top executives could be delayed 10 years if their banks are under investigation for wrongdoing. The main purpose of this “clawback” rule is to hold bankers accountable for harmful risk-taking and to restore public trust in financial institution.

11、 Yet officials also hope for a much larger benefit: more long term decision-making not only by banks but also bu all corporations, to build a stronger economy for future generations.“Short-termism” or the desire for quick profits, has worsened in publicly traded companies, says the Bank of Englands

12、top economist. Andrew Haldane. He quotes a giant of classical economies, Alfred Marshall, in describing this financial impatience as acting like “Children who pick the plums out of their pudding to eat them at once” rather than putting them aside to be eaten last.The average time for holding a stock

13、 in both the United States and Britain, he notes, has dropped from seven years to seven months in recent decades. Transient investors, who demand high quarterly profits from companies, can hinder a firms efforts to invest in long-term research or to build up customer loyalty. This has been dubbed “q

14、uarterly capitalism”.In addition, new digital technologies have allowed more rapid trading of equities, quicker use of information, and thus shortens attention spans in financial markers. “There seems to be a predominance of short-term thinking at the expense of long-term investing,” said Commission

15、er Daniel Gallagher of the US Securities and Exchange Commission in speech this week.In the US, the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 has pushed most public companies to defer performance bonuses for senior executives by about a year, slightly helping reduce “short-termism.” In its latest survey of CEO pay

16、, The Wall Street Journal finds that “ a substantial part” of executive pay is now tied to performance.Much more could be done to encourage “long-termism,” such as changes in the tax code and quicker disclosure of stock acquisitions. In France, shareholders who hold onto a company investment for at

17、least two years can sometimes earn more voting rights in a company.Within companies, the right compensation design can provide incentives for executives to think beyond their own time at the company and on behalf of all stakeholders. Britains new rule is a reminder to bankers that society has an int

18、erest in their performance, not just for the short term but for the long term.（分数：10）(1).According to Paragraph 1, one motive in imposing the new rule is the_.（分数：2）A.enhance bankers sense of responsibilityB.help corporations achieve larger profitsC.build a new system of financial regulationD.guaran

19、tee the bonuses of top executives(2).Alfred Marshall is quoted to indicate_.（分数：2）A.the conditions for generating quick profitsB.governments impatience in decision-makingC.the solid structure of publicly traded companiesD.“short-termism” in economics activities(3).It is argued that the influence of

20、transient investment on public companies can be_.（分数：2）A.indirectB.adverseC.minimalD.temporary(4).The US and France examples are used to illustrate_.（分数：2）A.the obstacles to preventing “short-termism”.B.the significance of long-term thinking.C.the approaches to promoting “long-termism”.D.the prevale

21、nce of short-term thinking.(5).Which of the following would be the best title for the text?（分数：2）A.Failure of Quarterly CapitalismB.Patience as a Corporate VirtueC.Decisiveness Required of Top ExecutivesD.Frustration of Risk-taking BankersText 2Grade inflation-the gradual increase in average GPAs(gr

22、ade-point averages) over the past few decadesis often considered a product of a consumer era in higher education, in which students are treated like customers to be pleased. But another, related forcea policy often buried deep in course catalogs called “grade forgiveness”is helping raise GPAs.Grade

23、forgiveness allows students to retake a course in which they received a low grade, and the most recent grade or the highest grade is the only one that counts in calculating a students overall GPA.The use of this little-known practice has accelerated in recent years, as colleges continue to do their

24、utmost to keep students in school (and paying tuition) and improve their graduation rates. When this practice first started decades ago, it was usually limited to freshmen, to give them a second chance to take a class in their first year if they struggled in their transition to college-level courses

25、. But now most colleges save for many selective campuses, allow all undergraduates, and even graduate students, to get their low grades forgiven.College officials tend to emphasize that the goal of grade forgiveness is less about the grade itself and more about encouraging students to retake courses

26、 critical to their degree program and graduation without incurring a big penalty. “Untimely,” said Jack Miner, Ohio State Universitys registrar,“we see students achieve more success because they retake a course and do better in subsequent contents or master the content that allows them to graduate o

27、n time.”That said, there is a way in which grade forgiveness satisfies colleges own needs as well. For public institutions, state funds are sometimes tied partly to their success on metrics such as graduation rates and student retentionso better grades can, by boosting figures like those, mean more

28、money. And anything that raises GPAs will likely make studentswho, at the end of the day, are paying the billfeel theyve gotten a better value for their tuition dollars, which is another big concern for colleges.Indeed, grade forgiveness is just another way that universities are responding to consum

29、ers expectations for higher education. Since students and parents expect a college degree to lead a job, it is in the best interest of a school to turn out graduates who are as qualified as possibleor at least appear to be. On this, students and colleges incentives seem to be aligned.（分数：10）(1).What

30、 is commonly regarded as the cause of grade inflation?（分数：2）A.The change of course catalogs.B.Students indifference to GPAS.C.Colleges neglect of GPAS.D.The influence of consumer culture.(2).What was the original purpose of grade forgiveness?（分数：2）A.To help freshmen adapt to college learning.B.To ma

31、intain colleges graduation rates.C.To prepare graduates for a challenging future.D.To increase universities income from tuition.(3).According to Paragraph 5,grade forgiveness enable colleges to_.（分数：2）A.obtain more financial supportB.boost their student enrollmentsC.improve their teaching qualityD.m

32、eet local governments needs(4).What does the phrase “to be aligned”(Line 5, Para.6) most probably mean?（分数：2）A.To counterbalance each other.B.To complement each other.C.To be identical with each other.D.To be contradictory to each other.(5).The author examines the practice of grade forgiveness by_.（

33、分数：2）A.assessing its feasibilityB.analyzing the causes behind itC.comparing different views on itD.listing its long-run effectsText 3This year marks exactly two countries since the publication of Frankenstein; or, The Modern Prometheus, by Mary Shelley. Even before the invention of the electric ligh

34、t bulb, the author produced a remarkable work of speculative fiction that would foreshadow many ethical questions to be raised by technologies yet to come.Today the rapid growth of artificial intelligence (AI) raises fundamental questions:”What is intelligence, identify, orconsciousness? What makes

35、humans humans?”What is being called artificial general intelligence, machines that would imitate the way humans think, continues to evade scientists. Yet humans remain fascinated by the idea of robots that would look, move, and respond like humans, similar to those recently depicted on popular sci-f

36、i TV series such as “Westworld” and “Humans”.Just how people think is still far too complex to be understood, let alone reproduced, says David Eagleman, a Stanford University neuroscientist. “We are just in a situation where there are no good theories explaining what consciousnesss actually is and h

37、ow you could ever build a machine to get there.”But that doesnt mean crucial ethical issues involving AI arent at hand. The coming use of autonomous vehicles, for example, poses thorny ethical questions. Human drivers sometimes must make split-second decisions. Their reactions may be a complex combi

38、nation of instant reflexes, input from past driving experiences, and what their eyes and ears tell them in that moment. AI “vision” today is not nearly as sophisticated as that of humans. And to anticipate every imaginable driving situation is a difficult programming problem.Whenever decisions are b

39、ased on masses of data, “you quickly get into a lot of ethical questions,” notes Tan Kiat How, chief executive of a Singapore-based agency that is helping the government develop a voluntary code for the ethical use of AI. Along with Singapore, other governments and mega-corporations are beginning to

40、 establish their own guidelines. Britain is setting up a data ethics center. India released its AI ethics strategy this spring.On June 7 Google pledged not to “design or deploy AI” that would cause “overall harm,” or to develop AI-directed weapons or use AI for surveillance that would violate intern

41、ational norms. It also pledged not to deploy AI whose use would violate international laws or human rights.While the statement is vague, it represents one starting point. So does the idea that decisions made by AI systems should be explainable, transparent, and fair.To put it another way: How can we

42、 make sure that the thinking of intelligent machines reflects humanitys highest values? Only then will they be useful servants and not Frankensteins out-of-control monster.（分数：10）(1).Mary Shelleys novel Frankenstein is mentioned because it_.（分数：2）A.fascinates AI scientists all over the world.B.has r

43、emained popular for as long as 200 years.C.involves some concerns raised by AI today.D.has sparked serious ethical controversies.(2).In David Eaglemans opinion, our current knowledge of consciousness_.（分数：2）A.helps explain artificial intelligence.B.can be misleading to robot making.C.inspires popula

44、r sci-fi TV series.D.is too limited for us to reproduce it.(3).The solution to the ethical issues brought by autonomous vehicles _.（分数：2）A.can hardly ever be found.B.is still beyond our capacity.C.causes little public concern.D.has aroused much curiosity.(4).The authors attitude toward Googles pledg

45、e is one of_.（分数：2）A.affirmation.B.skepticism.C.contempt.D.respect.(5).Which of the following would be the best title for the text?（分数：2）A.AIs Future: In the Hands of Tech GiantsB.Frankenstein, the Novel Predicting the Age of AIC.The Conscience of AI: Complex But InevitableD.AI Shall Be Killers Once

46、 Out of ControlText 4States will be able to force more people to pay sales tax when they make online purchases under a Supreme Court decision Thursday that will leave shoppers with lighter wallets but is a big financial win for states.The Supreme Courts opinion Thursday overruled a pair of decades-o

47、ld decisions that states said cost them billions of dollars in lost revenue annually. The decisions made it more difficult for states to collect sales tax on certain online purchases.The cases the court overturned said that if a business was shipping a customers purchase to a state where the busines

48、s didnt have a physical presence such as a warehouse or office, the business didnt have to collect sales tax for the state. Customers were generally responsible for paying the sales tax to the state themselves if they werent charged it, but most didnt realize they owed it and few paid.Justice Anthon

49、y Kennedy wrote that the previous decisions were flawed. “Each year the physical presence rule becomes further removed from economic reality and results in significant revenue losses to the States,” he wrote in an opinion joined by four other justices. Kennedy wrote that the rule “limited states ability to seek long-term prosperity and has prevented market participants from competing on an even playing field.”The ruling is a victory for big chains with a presence in m