ISO TR 11225-2012 Space environment (natural and artificial) - Guide to reference and standard atmosphere models《空间环境(自然和人工) 参考和标准大气模型指南》.pdf
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1、 Reference number ISO/TR 11225:2012(E) ISO 2012TECHNICAL REPORT ISO/TR 11225 First edition 2012-10-15 Space environment (natural and artificial) Guide to reference and standard atmosphere models Environnement spatial (naturel et artificiel) Guide pour les modles datmosphre standard et de rfrence ISO
2、/TR 11225:2012(E) COPYRIGHT PROTECTED DOCUMENT ISO 2012 All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and microfilm, without permission in writing from either IS
3、O at the address below or ISOs member body in the country of the requester. ISO copyright office Case postale 56 CH-1211 Geneva 20 Tel. + 41 22 749 01 11 Fax + 41 22 749 09 47 E-mail copyrightiso.org Web www.iso.org Published in Switzerland ii ISO 2012 All rights reservedISO/TR 11225:2012(E) ISO 201
4、2 All rights reserved iiiContents Page Foreword . v Introduction vi 1 Scope 1 2 Normative references 1 3 Terms and definitions . 2 4 COSPAR International Reference Atmosphere (CIRA), 1986 2 5 COSPAR International Reference Atmosphere (CIRA), 2008 5 6 ISO reference atmospheres for aerospace use, 1982
5、 5 7 ISO standard atmosphere, 1975 . 8 8 NASA/GSFC monthly mean global climatology of temperature, wind, geopotential height and pressure for 0120 KM, 1988 9 9 NASA/MSFC global reference atmosphere model (GRAM-99), 1999 . 11 10 NASA/MSFC Earth global reference atmosphere model (Earth GRAM-07), 2007
6、. 15 11 US standard atmosphere, 1962 20 12 US standard atmosphere supplements, 1966 21 13 US standard atmosphere, 1976 22 14 International Reference Ionosphere (IRI), 2007 25 15 Exopheric hydrogen model, 1994 27 16 SHARC/SAMM atmosphere generator, SAG-2 (0-300 KM) 27 17 Proposed international tropic
7、al reference atmosphere, 1987 30 18 Referenced atmosphere for Indian equatorial zone from surface to 80 km, 1985 31 19 Reference model of the middle atmosphere of the southern hemisphere, 1987 32 20 China national standard atmosphere, 1980 34 21 ISO middle atmosphereglobal model at altitudes between
8、 30 km and 120 km, and wind model at altitudes above 30 km, 1996 . 35 22 A new reference middle atmosphere program model atmosphere, 1985 36 23 AFGL atmospheric constituent profiles (0120 km), 1986 37 24 AFGL extreme envelopes of climatic elements up to 80 km, 1973 39 25 AFGL profiles of temperature
9、 and density based on 1- and 10-percent extremes in the stratosphere and troposphere, 1984 . 41 26 AFGL global reference atmosphere from 18 to 80 km, 1985 . 42 27 Extensions to the CIRA reference models for middle atmosphere ozone, 1993 43 28 Update to the stratospheric nitric acid reference atmosph
10、ere, 1998 . 44 29 Reference atmosphere for the atomic sodium layer (CIRA 2008) 44 30 Drag temperature model (DTM)-2000, thermospheric model, 2001 . 46 ISO/TR 11225:2012(E) iv ISO 2012 All rights reserved31 Earths upper atmosphere density model for ballistics support of flights of artificial Earth sa
11、tellites, 1985 48 32 Russian Earths upper atmosphere density model for ballistic support of the flight of artificial Earth satellites, 2004 49 33 Jacchia J70 static models of the thermosphere and exosphere with empirical temperature profiles, 1970 51 34 Jacchia J71 revised static models of the therm
12、osphere and exosphere with empirical temperature profiles, 1971 52 35 Jacchia J77 thermospheric temperature, density and composition: new models, 1977 .54 36 Jacchia-Bowman 2006 (JB2006) empirical thermospheric density model 55 37 Jacchia-Bowman 2008 (JB2008) empirical thermospheric density model 59
13、 38 NASA Marshall engineering thermosphere model, version 2.0 (MET-V2.0), 2002 65 39 NASA Marshall engineering thermosphere model version 2007 (MET-2007), 2007 .66 40 AFGL model of atmospheric structure, 70 to 130 km, 1987 69 41 NRLMSISE-00 thermospheric model, 2000 .70 42 US Air Force high accuracy
14、 satellite drag model (HASDM), 2004 72 43 Russian direct density correction method (DDCM) for computing near-real time corrections to an arbitrary Earth upper atmosphere density model, and for estimating the errors in an arbitrary Earth upper atmosphere density model, 2007 .75 44 Horizontal wind mod
15、el (HWM), 1993 79 45 Twenty-two range reference atmospheres, 2006 .81 46 Reference atmosphere for Edwards Air Force Base, California, annual, 1975 .85 47 Hot and cold reference atmospheres for Edwards Air Force Base, California, annual, 1975 .86 48 Hot and cold reference atmospheres for Kennedy Spac
16、e Center, Florida, annual, 1971 87 49 Reference atmosphere for Patrick Air Force Base, Florida, annual, 1963 .88 50 Reference atmosphere for Vandenberg Air Force Base, California, annual, 1971 .89 51 Hot and cold reference atmosphere for Vandenberg Air Force Base, California, annual, 1973 .89 52 NAS
17、A/MSFC Mars global reference atmospheric model (MARS-GRAM), 2001 90 53 NASA/MSFC Neptune global reference atmosphere model (NEPTUNE-GRAM), 2003 .92 54 NASA/MSFC Titan global reference atmosphere model (TITAN-GRAM), 2003 .94 55 NASA/MSFC Venus global reference atmosphere model (Venus-GRAM), 2003 .96
18、56 Venus international reference atmosphere (VIRA) structure and composition, surface to 3500 km, 1985 .98 57 Mars climate database (MCD), 2008 .99 58 Extra-terrestrial space environment: a reference chart, 2007 103 Annex A (informative) Glossary of acronyms . 106 ISO/TR 11225:2012(E) ISO 2012 All r
19、ights reserved vForeword ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subje
20、ct for which a technical committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC
21、) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization. International Standards are drafted in accordance with the rules given in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2. The main task of technical committees is to prepare International Standards. Draft International Standards adopted by the technical committe
22、es are circulated to the member bodies for voting. Publication as an International Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the member bodies casting a vote. Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent rights. ISO shall not be h
23、eld responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. ISO/TR 11225 was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 20, Aircraft and space vehicles, Subcommittee SC 14, Space systems and operations. ISO/TR 11225:2012(E) vi ISO 2012 All rights reservedIntroduction Since the mid 19 thcentury there
24、has been considerable effort devoted to the development of standards and reference atmosphere models. The first “Standard Atmospheres” were established by international agreement in the 1920s. Later some countries, notably the United States, also developed and published Standard Atmospheres. The ter
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