ISO IWA 11-2012 Guidelines for evaluating cookstove performance《厨灶评估指南》.pdf

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1、Reference number IWA 11:2012(E) ISO 2012 All rights reservedInternational Workshop Agreement IWA 11 Guidelines for evaluating cookstove performance * * * * Lignes directrices pour valuer les performances dune table de cuisson IWA 11:2012(E) COPYRIGHT PROTECTED DOCUMENT ISO 2012 All rights reserved.

2、Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and microfilm, without permission in writing from either ISO at the address below or ISOs member body in the country of the requester. I

3、SO copyright office Case postale 56 CH-1211 Geneva 20 Tel. + 41 22 749 01 11 Fax + 41 22 749 09 47 E-mail copyrightiso.org Web www.iso.org Published in Switzerland ii ISO 2012 All rights reservedGuidelines for evaluating cookstove performance IWA 11:2012(E) ISO 2012 All rights reserved iiiContents P

4、age Foreword iv Workshop contributors v Workshop resolutions . ix Introduction xi 1 Scope 1 2 Terms and definitions . 1 3 Framework for evaluating cookstove performance . 3 4 Tiers associated with VITA WBT 4.1.2 . 4 Bibliography 6 IWA 11:2012(E) Guidelines for evaluating cookstove performanceiv ISO

5、2012 All rights reservedForeword ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies (ISO member bodies). ISOs technical work is normally carried out through ISO technical committees in which each ISO member body has the right to be represe

6、nted. International organizations, governmental and nongovernmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. In order to respond to urgent market requirements, ISO has also introduced the possibility of preparing documents through a workshop mechanism, outside of ISO committee structures. T

7、hese documents are published by ISO as International Workshop Agreements. Proposals to hold such workshops may come from any source and are subject to approval by the ISO Technical Management Board which also designates an ISO member body to assist the proposer in the organization of the workshop. I

8、nternational Workshop Agreements are approved by consensus amongst the individual participants in such workshops. Although it is permissible that competing International Workshop Agreements exist on the same subject, an International Workshop Agreement shall not conflict with an existing ISO or IEC

9、standard. An International Workshop Agreement is reviewed after three years, under the responsibility of the member body designated by the ISO Technical Management Board, in order to decide whether it will be confirmed for a further three years, transferred to an ISO technical body for revision, or

10、withdrawn. If the International Workshop Agreement is confirmed, it is reviewed again after a further three years, at which time it must be either revised by the relevant ISO technical body or withdrawn. Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subj

11、ect of patent rights. ISO should not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. International Workshop Agreement IWA 11 was approved at a workshop organized by the Partnership for Clean Indoor Air (PCIA) and the Global Alliance for Clean Cookstoves, in association with the Am

12、erican National Standards Institute (ANSI), and held in The Hague, Netherlands, in February 2012. Guidelines for evaluating cookstove performance IWA 11:2012(E) ISO 2012 All rights reserved vWorkshop contributors Bolivia Prof. Marcelo Gorritty, GIZ-Endev/UMSA Bolivia Burkina Faso Dr. Oumar Sanogo, I

13、RSAT/CNRST Cambodia Mr. Yohanes Iwan Baskoro, GERES Cambodia Mr. David Beritault, GERES Cambodia China Ms. Wen Feng, Xunda Science Beijing University of Chemical Technology France Mr. Xavier Brandao, Independent Consultant Germany Mr. Elmar Dimpl V.L., Freelance Consultant for GIZ Mr. Klas Heising,

14、GIZ Ms. Christiane Pakula, University of Bonn - Institute of Agricultural Engineering - Household and Appliance Technology Section Ms. Christa Roth, Food and Fuel consultants Mr. Samuel Shiroff, Bosch and Siemens Home Appliances Group Guatemala Mr. Richard Grinnell, HELPS International Honduras Mr.

15、Timothy Longwell, Zamorano University Indonesia Mr. Azwar Sabana, Badan Standardisasi Nasional (BSN) IWA 11:2012(E) Guidelines for evaluating cookstove performancevi ISO 2012 All rights reservedKenya Mr. Zacharia Chepkania, Kenya Bureau of Standards Mr. Vincent Okello, Practical Action East Africa M

16、r. Matthew Owen, Chardust Ltd. Malawi Ms. Gloria Chaonamwene, Malawi Bureau Of Standards Nepal Ms. Karuna Bajracharya, Alternative Energy Promotion Centre/Energy Sector Assistance Programme Mr. Nawa Raj Dhakal, Alternative Energy Promotion Centre Mr. Min Bikram Malla, Practical Action Nepal Office N

17、etherlands Dr. Mark Bennett, Philips Ms. Carja Butijn, Stichting KoZon Mr. Hans De Groot, The Fortune Cooker Sustainable Energies Mr. Jaap De Winter, ETC Foundation Ms. Chandler Hatton, SimGas Ms. Wietske Jongbloed, TchadSolaire, KoZon Mr. Hans Le Noble, Solar Cooking Nederland Mr. Arnold Leufkens,

18、Solar Cooking Nederland Ms. Sheila Oparaocha, ENERGIA Mr. Koen Peters, Dutch Ministry of Foreign Affairs Mr. Maarten Romijn, The Fortune Cooker Sustainable Energies Mr. Raouf Saidi, Energy research Centre of the Netherlands (ECN) Ms. Jen Tweddell, Shell Mr. Wim J. Van Nes, SNV Netherlands Developmen

19、t Organisation Mr. Ruben Walker, African Clean Energy Lesotho Nigeria Ms. Habiba Ali, SOSAI Renewable Energies Company Ms. Monica Samec, Small World Carbon Guidelines for evaluating cookstove performance IWA 11:2012(E) ISO 2012 All rights reserved viiNorway Mr. Sjur Haugen, Statoil Norway Peru Mr. H

20、ernando David Carpio Montoya, SENCICO - National Service of Training for the Construction Industry Mr. Arthur Laurent, MICROSOL Mr. Jose Humberto Bernilla Carlos, Cooperacin Alemana al desarrollo GIZ South Africa Prof. Harold Annegarn, Sustainable energy Technology and Research (SeTAR) Centre, Unive

21、rsity of Johannesburg Mr. Rampepe Mohohlo, South African Bureau of Standards Mr. Crispin Pemberton-Pigott, New Dawn Engineering Ms. Marjorie Pyoos, South African Bureau of Standards Mr. James Robinson, SeTAR Centre, University of Johannesburg Mr. Patrick Qwabi, South African Bureau of Standards Swit

22、zerland Mr. Tobias Hoeck, Foundation myclimate - The Climate Protection Partnership Ms. Tanya Petersen, The Gold Standard Foundation Ms. Tenke Zoltani, Islan Asset Management Tanzania Mr. Joseph Emmanuel Ismail, Tanzania Bureau of Standards Uganda Mr. Karsten Bechtel, Centre for Research in Energy a

23、nd Energy Conservation (CREEC) Ms. Virginia Echavarria, Uganda Carbon Bureau Mr. David L Mukisa, African Alliance for Clean Cooking (AACC) United Kingdom Dr. Ewan Bloomfield, Practical Action Prof. Nigel Bruce, World Health Organisation Ms. Claudia Doets, Do-inc Mr. Richard Iliffe, co2balance Mr. Jo

24、nathan Rouse, HED Consulting IWA 11:2012(E) Guidelines for evaluating cookstove performanceviii ISO 2012 All rights reservedUnited States Dr. Tami Bond, University of Illinois Mr. Clay Burns, BioLite Dr. Ranyee Chiang, U.S. Department of Energy Ms. Leslie Cordes, Global Alliance for Clean Cookstoves

25、 Dr. Morgan Defoort, Colorado State University Ms. Elisa Derby, Winrock International Ms. Brenda Doroski, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Ms. Nancy Sanford Hughes, StoveTeam International Mr. James Jackson, Cummins Emission Solutions Ms. Kristin Jackson, Cummins Emission Solutions Mr. Jim Jette

26、r, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Dr. Michael Johnson, Berkeley Air Monitoring Group Mr. Nathan Johnson, Iowa State University Mr. Christian LOrange, Colorado State University Dr. William Martin, U.S. National Institutes of Health/National Institute of Child Health b) tier level equivalence to

27、 those used in this International Workshop Agreement for the VITA WBT 4.1.2 protocol be developed for any protocols created or adapted (e.g. References 4 and 5); c) research be conducted for high priority initiatives, such as coupling lab and field testing, improving indoor emissions protocols, clim

28、ate change impacts, and developing a pool of resources for testing stoves; d) all protocols be rigorously evaluated by an independent, technically qualified group; and e) the acceptability of a protocol for a particular stove and tier designation be determined by the ability of the test procedure to

29、 repeat the performance metric within one-third of the distance between tiers, under conditions that are consistent with the test specification. Resolution 2 The International Workshop on Cookstoves recognizes that laboratory testing may not fully reflect performance as seen in the field, as perform

30、ance is dependent on many factors (such as user behaviour, cultural acceptance and operating conditions), and it is critical that these factors be incorporated in future standards and protocols. Resolution 3 The full range of exposure to household air pollution is currently being compiled by the Wor

31、ld Health Organization (WHO) in new indoor air quality guidelines for household fuel combustion (due to be published in 2013). The International Workshop on Cookstoves recommends that the evidence of health risks across these guidelines be reviewed to ensure consistency with future standards or Inte

32、rnational Workshop Agreements. Resolution 4 The International Workshop on Cookstoves recommends that a performance indicator (and corresponding protocols) for durability be developed and included in a future standard or International Workshop Agreement. In addition, the International Workshop on Coo

33、kstoves recommends further research be conducted and protocols be developed as needed to adequately evaluate the safety of all stove types and fuels (e.g. solar, kerosene, propane and solid fuel). Resolution 5 The International Workshop on Cookstoves recommends that emissions relevant to health, env

34、ironment (ambient air quality and climate) and performance, in addition to those currently addressed in this International IWA 11:2012(E) Guidelines for evaluating cookstove performancex ISO 2012 All rights reservedWorkshop Agreement, be addressed in a future standard or International Workshop Agree

35、ment, as data becomes available. Resolution 6 The International Workshop on Cookstoves recognizes that the quality and type of fuel used by a testing centre may impact the emissions of a cookstove. Because of that, the International Workshop on Cookstoves recommends that testing centres document the

36、 key physical and operational characteristics (e.g. fuel, moisture content, pot size and shape) of the system. Guidelines for evaluating cookstove performance IWA 11:2012(E) ISO 2012 All rights reserved xiIntroduction Nearly half of the world population three billion people in the developing world c

37、ooks their food by burning coal and biomass, including wood, dung and crop residues over open fires or on rudimentary, often unvented stoves. Indoor burning of these solid and liquid fuels releases dangerous particulate matter, carbon monoxide and other toxic pollutants. This practice can lead to in

38、door air pollution levels that are 20 to 100 times greater than the air quality guidelines of the World Health Organization (WHO) and release greenhouse gases and black carbon into the environment. WHO estimates that nearly two million people, primarily women and children, die prematurely each year

39、from exposure to indoor smoke from these cooking practices. Open fires and rudimentary cookstoves may also increase pressures on local environmental resources (e.g. forests, habitat) and contribute to climate change at regional and global levels. The Partnership for Clean Indoor Air (PCIA) and the G

40、lobal Alliance for Clean Cookstoves are working with more than 550 partners in 117 countries 1)to achieve the adoption of 100 million clean and efficient stoves and fuels by 2020. Developing globally recognized standards that are widely accepted by the stove community and adopted by country governme

41、nts could spur wider deployment of clean cookstoves in a number of ways, including defining what an “improved cookstove” is for users, stove makers and policy makers, and enabling the rating of stoves by efficiency, safety and cleanliness (particulate matter and carbon monoxide emissions), while all

42、owing for differences in local conditions and user behaviour. National performance-based standards have been developed and implemented in a few countries, but no international standard has been developed that contains commonly agreed upon and accepted criteria by which to define “clean” with regard

43、to cookstoves. Such an international standard would significantly enhance efforts to see clean cookstoves adopted at scale. This International Workshop Agreement serves as a guideline for policy-makers, investors, manufacturers and others in the cookstoves community, and it will inform future work r

44、equired in developing new or revised internationally agreed upon cookstove standards and protocols. 1) A full list of partner organizations of the PCIA is available at: http:/www.pciaonline.org/partners/search. A full list of the partner organizations of the Global Alliance for Clean Cookstoves is a

45、vailable at: http:/cleancookstoves.org/the-alliance/partners. Guidelines for evaluating cookstove performance IWA 11:2012(E) ISO 2012 All rights reserved 1Guidelines for evaluating cookstove performance 1 Scope This International Workshop Agreement provides a framework for rating cookstoves against

46、tiers of performance for a series of performance indicators, including fuel use (efficiency), emissions (carbon monoxide and particulate matter 2,5), indoor emissions (carbon monoxide and particulate matter 2,5), and safety. This International Workshop Agreement does not select a single laboratory p

47、rotocol to determine cookstove performance. Instead, it enables stove testers to use laboratory protocols most appropriate for the stove and performance indicator being tested. Tiers of performance for each protocol chart all stove test results on the same page, in order to ensure equivalent results

48、, regardless of protocol used. 2 Terms and definitions For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply. 2.1 air exchange rate rate at which the air within a defined space (normally a room or house) is replaced, usually expressed as air changes per hour 2.2 batch-loaded s

49、tove stove in which fuel is loaded once per burn cycle 2.3 biomass stove apparatus used to cook food and/or provide warmth and/or boil water through the conversion of biomass, typically through combustion 2.4 Biomass Stove Safety Protocol specific methodology for evaluating the safety of a stove, developed at Iowa State University NOTE See Reference 1. 2.5 constant volume pump de