ISO 17584-2005 Refrigerant properties《制冷剂特性》.pdf

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1、 Reference number ISO 17584:2005(E) ISO 2005INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 17584 First edition 2005-12-15 Refrigerant properties Proprits des fluides frigorignes ISO 17584:2005(E) PDF disclaimer This PDF file may contain embedded typefaces. In accordance with Adobes licensing policy, this file may be pr

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4、is suitable for use by ISO member bodies. In the unlikely event that a problem relating to it is found, please inform the Central Secretariat at the address given below. ISO 2005 All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized in any form or

5、 by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and microfilm, without permission in writing from either ISO at the address below or ISOs member body in the country of the requester. ISO copyright office Case postale 56 CH-1211 Geneva 20 Tel. + 41 22 749 01 11 Fax + 41 22 749 09 47 E

6、-mail copyrightiso.org Web www.iso.org Published in Switzerland ii ISO 2005 All rights reservedISO 17584:2005(E) ISO 2005 All rights reserved iii Contents Page Foreword iv Introduction v 1 Scope . 1 2 Normative references . 1 3 Terms and definitions. 1 4 Calculation of refrigerant properties 2 4.1 G

7、eneral. 2 4.2 Pure-fluid equations of state . 3 4.3 Mixture equation of state . 5 4.4 Implementation . 7 4.5 Alternative implementation 7 4.6 Certification of conformance. 7 5 Specifications for individual refrigerants. 7 5.1 General. 7 5.2 R744 Carbon dioxide 7 5.3 R717 Ammonia . 11 5.4 R12 Dichlor

8、odifluoromethane. 14 5.5 R22 Chlorodifluoromethane 18 5.6 R32 Difluoromethane . 22 5.7 R123 2,2-dichloro-1,1,1-trifluoroethane .26 5.8 R125 Pentafluoroethane 30 5.9 R134a 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane 33 5.10 R143a 1,1,1-trifluoroethane . 37 5.11 R152a 1,1-difluoroethane 40 5.12 R404A R125/143a/134a (44

9、/52/4). 44 5.13 R407C R32/125/134a (23/25/52). 47 5.14 R410A R32/125 (50/50) . 50 5.15 R507A R125/143a (50/50) . 53 Annex A (normative) Requirements for implementations claiming conformance with this International Standard 56 Annex B (informative) Calculation of pure-fluid thermodynamic properties f

10、rom an equation of state . 58 Annex C (informative) Calculation of mixture thermodynamic properties from an equation of state 61 Annex D (informative) Literature citations for equations of state and verification values. 63 Annex E (informative) Variation of mixture properties due to composition tole

11、rance . 68 Bibliography . 70 ISO 17584:2005(E) iv ISO 2005 All rights reservedForeword ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through IS

12、O technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates c

13、losely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization. International Standards are drafted in accordance with the rules given in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2. The main task of technical committees is to prepare International Standards. D

14、raft International Standards adopted by the technical committees are circulated to the member bodies for voting. Publication as an International Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the member bodies casting a vote. Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this do

15、cument may be the subject of patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. ISO 17584 was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 86, Refrigeration and air-conditioning, Subcommittee SC 8, Refrigerants and refrigeration lubricants. ISO 17584:2005(E) IS

16、O 2005 All rights reserved v Introduction This document, prepared by ISO/TC 86/SC 8/WG 7, is a new International Standard. It is consistent with and is intended to complement ISO 817. The purpose of this International Standard is to address the differing performance ratings due to the differences be

17、tween multiple property formulations, which is a problem especially in international trade. The fluids and properties included in this International Standard represent those for which sufficient high-quality data were available. While the working group recognizes the desirability of including additi

18、onal fluids, such as the hydrocarbons, and including the transport properties of viscosity and thermal conductivity, the data and models for these were judged insufficient at this time to be worthy of designation as an International Standard. Therefore, the working group decided to prepare the prese

19、nt International Standard, incomplete though it might be, in a timely fashion rather than delay it awaiting additional data. The working group is continuing its efforts to add additional fluids and additional properties to this International Standard. It is anticipated that this International Standa

20、rd will undergo regular reviews and revisions. For applications such as performance rating of refrigeration equipment, having all parties adopt a consistent set of properties is more important than absolute accuracy. But consensus is easiest to achieve when high- quality property data are available.

21、 With this in mind, the Working Group has taken as its starting point the results of Annex 18 Thermophysical Properties of the Environmentally Acceptable Refrigerants of the Heat Pump Programme of the International Energy Agency (McLinden and Watanabe 7 ). Annex 18 reports the comprehensive evaluati

22、ons of the available equations of state and recommended formulations for R123, R134a, R32, R125, and R143a. Wide participation was invited in this process, and anyone could submit an equation of state for evaluation. The formulations for R123, R134a, R32, and R143a adopted in this International Stan

23、dard are the same as those recommend by Annex 18. (The recent equation of state for R125 adopted in this International Standard was shown to be more accurate than the older formulation recommended by Annex 18.) A similar comparison of mixture models reported by Annex 18 facilitated the dissemination

24、 and adoption of a new mixture modelling approach. This model is based on Helmholtz energies for each of the mixture components, and it is the approach used in the NIST REFPROP refrigerant property database (Lemmon et al. 5 ) and in the extensive tabulation of properties published by the Japan Socie

25、ty of Refrigerating and Air Conditioning Engineers (Tillner-Roth et al. 12 ). The Lemmon and Jacobsen 2model (implemented in the REFPROP database) is simpler than the Tillner-Roth et al. 12 model in that it avoids the ternary interactions terms required in the Tillner-Roth model, with practically th

26、e same representations of the experimental data. For these reasons, as well as the widespread use of REFPROP, the Lemmon and Jacobsen model was adopted as the basis for the mixture properties specified in this International Standard. The one significant disadvantage of the formulations adopted here

27、is their complexity. In recognition of this, this International Standard allows for “alternative implementations” for the properties. These can take the form of simpler equations of state that may be applicable over limited ranges of conditions or simple correlations of single properties (e.g., expr

28、essions for vapour pressure or the enthalpy of the saturated vapour). This International Standard does not restrict the form of such alternative implementations, but it does impose requirements, in the form of allowable tolerances (deviations from the standard values), given in Annex A, which altern

29、ative implementations shall satisfy. The question of allowable tolerances for alternative implementations generated the most controversy among the working group. In the working group discussions, some felt that the tolerances should be fairly large to encompass as many formulations in common use as

30、possible. But others argued that this would defeat the very purpose of this International Standard, which was to harmonize the property values used across the industry. The concept of alternative implementations with their allowable tolerances was not intended to sanction the continued use of “incor

31、rect” data but, rather, to provide for fast, application-specific equations that would be fitted to the properties specified in this International Standard. In the end, fairly strict tolerances were selected. The experiences and recommendations of the European Association of Compressor Manufacturers

32、 (ASERCOM) carried significant weight. They had experience with simplified property equations that were fitted ISO 17584:2005(E) vi ISO 2005 All rights reservedto, and closely matched, several of the same equations of state recommended in this International Standard. They recommended strict toleranc

33、es. These tolerances do not necessarily represent the uncertainty of the original experimental data or of the equation of state in fitting the data. The allowable tolerances specified in Annex A were selected to result in “reasonable” differences in quantities derived from these properties, for exam

34、ple, a cycle efficiency or compressor rating. For example, the tolerances specified in Annex A result in an overall variation of approximately 2,5 % in the efficiency of an ideal refrigeration cycle operating between an evaporator temperature of 15 C and a condenser temperature of 30 C. By compariso

35、n, ISO 817 specifies that the primary energy balance for compressor tests agree with flow data within 4 %. The tolerances are relative (i.e. plus or minus a percentage) for some properties and absolute for others (e.g. plus or minus a constant enthalpy value). Properties such as enthalpy and entropy

36、, which can be negative, demand an absolute tolerance; any allowable percentage variation would be too strict at values near zero. The allowable tolerances for enthalpy and entropy are scaled by the enthalpy and entropy of vapourisation for each fluid. This scaling arose from a cycle analysis which

37、revealed that a constant tolerance resulted in greatly differing sensitivities of the cycle efficiency depending on the enthalpy and entropy of vapourisation. By scaling the tolerance to the vapourisation values, a greater tolerance is allowed for fluids, such as ammonia, with high heats of vapouris

38、ation. The tolerances apply to individual thermodynamic states. In cycle and equipment analyses, it is the differences in enthalpy and/or entropy between two different states that are important. However, it is not possible to specify, in a simple way, allowable tolerances based on pairs of states be

39、cause of the large number of possible pairs of interest. The values of C vand C papproach infinity at the critical point, but the actual values returned by the equation of state are large numbers that vary from computer to computer due to round-off errors in the calculations. According to critical-r

40、egion theory, the speed of sound is zero at the critical point; all traditional equations of state (including the ones in this International Standard), however, do not reproduce this behaviour. Rather than list values that are inconsistent with either the theory or the specified equations of state,

41、these points are not included as part of this International Standard. The values of the gas constant, R, vary from fluid to fluid. Similarly, the number of significant figures given for the molecular mass, M, vary. The values for R and M are those from the original equation of state source from the

42、literature. These values are adopted to maintain consistency with the original sources. The various values of R differ by less than 5 10 6(equal to parts per million, a deprecated unit) from the currently accepted value of 8,314 472 J/(molK) and result in similarly small differences in the propertie

43、s. The compositions of the refrigerant blends (R400- and R500-series) are defined on a mass basis, but the equations of state are given on a molar basis. The mass compositions have been converted to the equivalent molar basis and listed in Clause 5; a large number of significant figures are given fo

44、r consistency with the tables of “verification values” given in Annex D. This International Standard anticipates regular reviews (see Clause 6) and will be reviewed every five years. Any interested party requesting the inclusion of additional refrigerant(s) to this International Standard or requesti

45、ng the revision of one or more fluids specified in this International Standard should petition the ISO/TC 86 secretariat. INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 17584:2005(E) ISO 2005 All rights reserved 1 Refrigerant properties 1 Scope This International Standard specifies thermophysical properties of several

46、commonly used refrigerants and refrigerant blends. This International Standard is applicable to the refrigerants R12, R22, R32, R123, R125, R134a, R143a, R152a, R717 (ammonia), and R744 (carbon dioxide) and to the refrigerant blends R404A, R407C, R410A, and R507A. The following properties are includ

47、ed: density, pressure, internal energy, enthalpy, entropy, heat capacity at constant pressure, heat capacity at constant volume, speed of sound, and the Joule-Thomson coefficient, in both single-phase states and along the liquid-vapour saturation boundary. The numerical designation of these refriger

48、ants is that defined in ISO 817. 2 Normative references The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) ap

49、plies. ISO 817, Refrigerants Designation system 3 Terms and definitions For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply. 3.1 algorithm procedure for the computation of refrigerant properties NOTE An algorithm is most often a computer program. An algorithm may also consist of one or more single-property correlations as allowed under 4.4. 3.2 blend mixture of two or more chemical compounds 3.3 critical point state at which the properties of the saturated liquid and those of the satura