ISO 14696-2009 Reaction-to-fire tests - Determination of fire and thermal parameters of materials products and assemblies using an intermediate-scale calorimete.pdf

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1、 Reference number ISO 14696:2009(E) ISO 2009INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 14696 First edition 2009-05-01 Reaction-to-fire tests Determination of fire and thermal parameters of materials, products and assemblies using an intermediate-scale calorimeter (ICAL) Essais de raction au feu Dtermination, laide

2、dun calorimtre chelle intermdiaire (ICAL), des paramtres thermiques et relatifs au feu des matriaux, produits et ouvrages ISO 14696:2009(E) PDF disclaimer This PDF file may contain embedded typefaces. In accordance with Adobes licensing policy, this file may be printed or viewed but shall not be edi

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6、 means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and microfilm, without permission in writing from either ISO at the address below or ISOs member body in the country of the requester. ISO copyright office Case postale 56 CH-1211 Geneva 20 Tel. + 41 22 749 01 11 Fax + 41 22 749 09 47 E-mail c

7、opyrightiso.org Web www.iso.org Published in Switzerland ii ISO 2009 All rights reservedISO 14696:2009(E) ISO 2009 All rights reserved iii Contents Page Foreword. v 1 Scope . 1 2 Normative references . 1 3 Terms, definitions, symbols and units . 2 3.1 Terms and definitions. 2 3.2 Symbols and units 3

8、 4 Principle. 5 5 Apparatus 5 5.1 General. 5 5.2 Radiant panel 5 5.3 Radiant panel constant irradiance controller 6 5.4 Specimen holder assembly components. 7 5.5 Other major components . 7 6 Significance and use 10 7 Test specimens . 11 7.1 Size and preparation. 11 7.2 Conditioning 11 8 Calibration

9、 of apparatus 11 8.1 General. 11 8.2 Heat flux uniformity 11 8.3 Heat flux/distance relationship 11 8.4 Heat release. 12 8.5 Mass loss. 13 8.6 Smoke obscuration. 13 8.7 Gas analysis 13 8.8 Heat flux meter 13 9 Test methods. 14 9.1 Preparation 14 9.2 Procedure 14 10 Calculations. 15 11 Test report .

10、15 11.1 Descriptive information 15 11.2 Table of numerical results . 16 11.3 Graphical results. 16 11.4 Descriptive results 16 12 Test limitations 17 13 Hazards 17 14 Precision and bias 17 Annex A (normative) Design of exhaust system 40 Annex B (normative) Instrumentation in exhaust duct 41 Annex C

11、(informative) Considerations for heat release measurements. 44 Annex D (normative) Measurement equations 48 ISO 14696:2009(E) iv ISO 2009 All rights reservedAnnex E (informative) Commentary 51 Annex F (informative) Measurement and determination of other parameters and values needed in computer fire

12、models 53 Annex G (informative) Determination of the precision and bias of the test method. 56 Bibliography . 58 ISO 14696:2009(E) ISO 2009 All rights reserved v Foreword ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies (ISO member bodie

13、s). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and n

14、on-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization. International Standards are drafted in accordance with the rules given in the ISO/IEC Directives, Pa

15、rt 2. The main task of technical committees is to prepare International Standards. Draft International Standards adopted by the technical committees are circulated to the member bodies for voting. Publication as an International Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the member bodies castin

16、g a vote. Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. ISO 14696 was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 92, Fire safety, Subcommittee SC 1, Fi

17、re initiation and growth. This first edition cancels and replaces ISO/TR 14696:1999, which has been technically revised. INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 14696:2009(E) ISO 2009 All rights reserved 1 Reaction-to-fire tests Determination of fire and thermal parameters of materials, products and assemblies u

18、sing an intermediate-scale calorimeter (ICAL) 1 Scope This International Standard provides a method for measuring the response of materials, products and assemblies exposed in vertical orientation to controlled levels of radiant heating with a piloted ignition source. This test method is used to det

19、ermine the ignitability, heat release rates, mass loss rates and visible smoke development of materials, products and assemblies under well-ventilated conditions. The heat release rate is ascertained by measurement of the oxygen consumption as determined by the oxygen concentration and flow in the e

20、xhaust product stream as specified in 5.5.8. Smoke development is quantified by measuring the obscuration of light by the combustion product stream. Specimens are exposed to heating fluxes ranging from 0 kW/m 2to 50 kW/m 2 . Hot wires are used as the ignition source. This test method has been develo

21、ped for material, product or assembly evaluations, mathematical modelling and design purposes. The specimen shall be tested in thicknesses and configurations representative of actual end product or system uses. The test method in this International Standard is based on the apparatus described in AST

22、M E1623 13 . 2 Normative references The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies. ISO 9705, Fir

23、e tests Full-scale room test for surface products ISO 13943: 2000, Fire safety Vocabulary ISO 14934-3, Fire tests Calibration and use of heat flux meters Part 3: Secondary calibration method ISO 24473, Fire tests Open calorimetry Measurement of the rate of production of heat and combustion products

24、for fires of up to 40 MW ISO 14696:2009(E) 2 ISO 2009 All rights reserved3 Terms, definitions, symbols and units 3.1 Terms and definitions For the purposes of this document, the definitions given in ISO 13943 and the following apply. 3.1.1 composite combination of materials which are generally recog

25、nized in building construction as discrete entities EXAMPLE Coated or laminated materials. 3.1.2 flashing existence of flame on or over the surface of the specimen for periods of less than 1 s 3.1.3 heating flux incident flux imposed externally from the heater on the specimen at the initiation of th

26、e test 3.1.4 heat release rate heat evolved from the specimen, per unit of time 3.1.5 ignition onset of sustained flaming as defined in 3.1.13 3.1.6 irradiance at a point on a surface the density of radiant flux incident on a surface 3.1.7 material single substance or uniformly dispersed mixture, fo

27、r example metal, stone, timber, concrete, mineral fibre, polymers 3.1.8 orientation plane in which the exposed face of the specimen is located during testing, either vertical or horizontal, facing up NOTE The orientation of the specimen in this International Standard is vertical and there are no pro

28、visions for testing horizontal specimens. 3.1.9 oxygen consumption principle proportional relationship between the mass of oxygen consumed during combustion and the heat released 3.1.10 product material, composite or assembly, about which information developed by this test method is required 3.1.11

29、specimen representative piece of the product which is to be tested together with any substrate or treatment ISO 14696:2009(E) ISO 2009 All rights reserved 3 3.1.12 smoke obscuration reduction of light transmission by smoke, as measured by light attenuation 3.1.13 sustained flaming existence of flame

30、 on or over most of the specimen surface for periods of over 10 s 3.1.14 transitory flaming existence of flame on or over the surface of the specimen for periods of between 1 s and 10 s 3.2 Symbols and units The symbols and units are the following. Symbol Term Unit A Cross-sectional area of exhaust

31、duct m 2 A sExposed specimen area m 2 E Net heat released for complete combustion, per unit of oxygen consumed 13,1 MJ/kg O 2 E CONet heat released per unit mass of oxygen consumed for combustion of CO to CO 217,6 MJ/kg O 2 E propaneNet heat released for complete combustion of propane, per unit of o

32、xygen consumed 12,78 MJ/kg O 2 E methaneNet heat released for complete combustion of methane, per unit of oxygen consumed 12,51 MJ/kg O 2 F ODRelative optical density dimensionless f xYield of gas x kg/kg f (Re)Reynolds number correction for bi-directional probe differential pressure measurement H c

33、,ngNet heat released per unit mass of natural gas MJ/kg I Intensity of transmitted light beam cd I 0Intensity of light beam before attenuation cd k Smoke extinction coefficient m 1 k cExhaust duct flow velocity profile shape factor dimensionless L pPath length of light m M aRelative molecular mass o

34、f incoming air kg/kmol M CORelative molecular mass of carbon monoxide 28 kg/kmol M CO 2Relative molecular mass of carbon dioxide 44 kg/kmol M dryRelative molecular mass of dry air 29 kg/kmol M eRelative molecular mass of exhaust gases kg/kmol M H 2 ORelative molecular mass of water 18 kg/kmol M N 2R

35、elative molecular mass of nitrogen 28 kg/kmolISO 14696:2009(E) 4 ISO 2009 All rights reservedM O 2Relative molecular mass of oxygen 32 kg/kmol m Specimen mass kg e m Mass flow in exhaust duct kg/s ng m Mass flow of natural gas to the radiant panel kg/s p Pressure drop across the orifice plate or bi-

36、directional probe Pa q Heat release rate kW A,60 q Average heat release rate per unit area of specimen for the first 60 s after ignition kW/m 2 A,180 q Average heat release rate per unit area of specimen for the first 180 s after ignition kW/m 2 peak q Peak heat release rate per unit area of specime

37、n kW/m 2 s q Total heat released per unit area of specimen MJ/m 2 s q Heat release rate per unit area of specimen kW/m 2 s,i q Heat released per unit area of specimen, in incoming air MJ/m 2 R instInstantaneous rate of production of light-obscuring smoke m 2 /s R totTotal amount of smoke m 2 T eComb

38、ustion gas temperature at the bi-directional probe or orifice plate K T sCombustion gas temperature near the smoke meter K t Time s t igTime to ignition s e V Volumetric flow in exhaust duct (at measuring location of mass flow) m 3 /s s V Volumetric flow at location of smoke meter (value adjusted fo

39、r smoke measurement calculations) m 3 /s t Sampling time interval s X CO,eMeasured mole fraction of CO in exhaust flow dimensionless X CO,iMeasured mole fraction of CO in incoming air dimensionless X CO 2 ,eMeasured mole fraction of CO 2in exhaust flow dimensionless X CO 2 ,iMeasured mole fraction o

40、f CO 2in incoming air dimensionless X O 2 ,eMeasured mole fraction of O 2in exhaust flow dimensionless X O 2 ,iMeasured mole fraction of O 2in incoming air dimensionless x Relative mass fraction of gas x kg/kg Combustion expansion factor (an average value of 1,105 is used for mixed fuels or when the

41、 exact factor is unknown) dimensionless Density of air at the temperature in exhaust duct kg/m 3 0Density of air at 273,15 K: 1,293 kg/m 3 Oxygen depletion factor dimensionlessISO 14696:2009(E) ISO 2009 All rights reserved 5 4 Principle 4.1 This test method is designed to measure the heat release ra

42、te from a 1 m 2specimen in a vertical orientation. The specimen is exposed to a uniform and constant heat flux from a gas fired radiant panel up to 50 kW/m 2and electrically heated wires are used for piloted ignition. Heat release measured using this test method is based on the observation that, gen

43、erally, the net heat released during combustion is directly related to the amount of oxygen required for combustion 1, 2 . The primary measurements are oxygen concentration and exhaust flow rate. Burning may be either with or without ignition wires used at the top and bottom of the specimen. NOTE Th

44、e addition of carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide concentration measurements can improve the accuracy of the heat release rate measurement, and can also be used to provide species generation rates of both gases. 4.2 Additional measurements include the mass of the specimen, which can be used to determ

45、ine the mass loss rate, the time to sustained flaming and the light intensity of a light beam having traversed the smoky duct, which can be used to determine the smoke-specific extinction area, the relative optical density and the smoke release rate. The apparatus can be used to develop data relativ

46、e to the other parameters discussed in Annex F. 5 Apparatus 5.1 General Dimensions shall have a tolerance of 5 mm on the radiant panel and specimen holder assemblies. An exception to this tolerance is the placement of the screen in front of the ceramic burner which shall be 0,5 mm. The tolerances pe

47、rmitted in the exhaust system of ISO 9705 are permissible. The apparatus shall consist of the following components. 5.1.1 Radiant panel assembly, in a vertical orientation, see Figure 1. 5.1.2 Radiant panel constant irradiance controller, capable of being held at a preset level by means of regulatin

48、g the flow of natural gas to the burners during a test. 5.1.3 Water-cooled heat shield, capable of absorbing the thermal energy from the radiant panels. 5.1.4 Specimen holder, capable of holding a specimen up to 150 mm thick, see Figure 2. 5.1.5 Weighing platform, of a range of 150 kg, capable of we

49、ighing the specimen to an accuracy of at least 1 g. 5.1.6 Exhaust collection system, consisting of an extraction fan, steel hood, duct, bi-directional probe or orifice plate, thermocouple(s), smoke obscuration measurement system and combustion gas sampling and analysis system. 5.1.7 Gas flow meter, capable of measuring gas flow. 5.1.8 Data acquisition system, of a category equal to or better than that required in ISO 9705. A general layout of the