SANS 631-2009 Crocodiles in captivity《人工饲养鳄鱼》.pdf

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1、 Collection of SANS standards in electronic format (PDF) 1. Copyright This standard is available to staff members of companies that have subscribed to the complete collection of SANS standards in accordance with a formal copyright agreement. This document may reside on a CENTRAL FILE SERVER or INTRA

2、NET SYSTEM only. Unless specific permission has been granted, this document MAY NOT be sent or given to staff members from other companies or organizations. Doing so would constitute a VIOLATION of SABS copyright rules. 2. Indemnity The South African Bureau of Standards accepts no liability for any

3、damage whatsoever than may result from the use of this material or the information contain therein, irrespective of the cause and quantum thereof. ISBN 978-0-626-22294-9 SANS 631:2009Edition 1SOUTH AFRICAN NATIONAL STANDARD Crocodiles in captivity Published by SABS Standards Division 1 Dr Lategan Ro

4、ad Groenkloof Private Bag X191 Pretoria 0001 Tel: +27 12 428 7911 Fax: +27 12 344 1568 www.sabs.co.za SABS SANS 631:2009 Edition 1 Table of changes Change No. Date Scope Acknowledgement The SABS Standards Division wishes to acknowledge the valuable assistance derived from publications of the Nationa

5、l Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (NSPCA) and the South African Crocodile Farmers Association (SACFA). Foreword This South African standard was approved by National Committee SABS SC 1040F, Steering committee for nature conservation Commercial wildlife breeding and farming, in accor

6、dance with procedures of the SABS Standards Division, in compliance with annex 3 of the WTO/TBT agreement. This document was published in January 2009. A reference is made in 4.1.1, 4.1.2 and 4.1.3 to general requirements for crocodile keepers which are in accordance with “the current relevant natio

7、nal legislation“. In South Africa this means the Animal Protection Act, 1962 (Act No. 71 of 1962). A reference is made in 4.2.1, 4.2.3, and 4.2.4 to requirements regarding the health and safety of employees in accordance with “the current relevant national legislation“. In South Africa this means th

8、e Occupational Health and Safety Act, 1995 (Act No. 85 of 1995). A reference is made in 5.6.8 to the management of wastewater in accordance with “the current relevant national legislation“. In South Africa this means the National Water Act, 1998 (Act No. 36 of 1998). A reference is made in 6.1.2 to

9、the use of detergents or detergent-disinfectants on surfaces, equipment and utensils in accordance with “the current relevant national legislation“. In South Africa this means the Standards Act, 1993 (Act No. 29 of 1993). A reference is made in 10.1.1 and 10.1.3 to general requirements for the slaug

10、htering and skinning of crocodiles which are in accordance with “the current relevant national legislation“. In South Africa this means the Meat Safety Act, 2000 (Act No. 40 of 2000). Annexes A and B are for information only. SANS 631:2009 Edition 1 1Introduction This standard was developed as a gui

11、deline to assist crocodile keepers in aligning their farming, breeding, harvesting and husbandry methods with welfare standards, to help protect captive crocodiles, improve the health and safety aspects relating to the keeping of crocodiles, and to assist in building relationships between crocodile

12、keepers, wildlife authorities and the relevant animal welfare organizations (see acknowledgement). This standard is part of a continuous development process which aims to ensure the welfare of crocodiles and the crocodile industry. It will be reviewed from time to time to incorporate advances in the

13、 understanding of crocodile physiology and behaviour, as well as technical changes in animal husbandry and its relationship to the welfare of crocodiles. SANS 631:2009 Edition 1 2 Contents Page Acknowledgement Foreword Introduction. 1 1 Scope 5 2 Normative references 5 3 Definitions 5 4 Requirements

14、 for crocodile keepers . 7 4.1 General . 7 4.2 Employee health and safety 7 4.3 Working with crocodiles 8 4.4 Crocodile health 8 5 Requirements for crocodile enclosures. 8 5.1 General . 8 5.2 Enclosures for adult crocodiles. 9 5.3 Enclosures for juvenile crocodiles. 9 5.4 Enclosures for hatchlings 9

15、 5.5 Enclosures for breeding crocodiles. 9 5.6 Water. 10 5.7 Temperature 10 5.8 Stock density. 10 6 Requirements for the feeding of crocodiles. 11 6.1 General . 11 6.2 Feeding of adult crocodiles . 11 6.3 Feeding of juvenile crocodiles and hatchlings 11 7 Requirements for safety during egg collectio

16、n, incubation, and the handling of hatchlings . 12 7.1 General . 12 7.2 Safety during egg collection 12 7.3 Incubation 13 7.4 The handling of hatchlings 14 8 Requirements for the capture, transportation and translocation of crocodiles 14 8.1 Capture . 14 8.2 Transportation. 15 8.3 Translocation. 16

17、SANS 631:2009 Edition 1 3 Contents (concluded) 9 Requirements for the exhibition of crocodiles . 16 10 Requirements for the slaughtering of crocodiles. 16 10.1 General. 16 10.2 Methods of slaughter 17 Annex A (informative) Multivitamin premix 19 Annex B (informative) Recommended dosages for chemical

18、 immobilizing agents 20 Bibliography 21 SANS 631:2009 Edition 1 4 This page is intentionally left blank SANS 631:2009 Edition 1 5 Crocodiles in captivity 1 Scope 1.1 This standard lays down requirements for the humane treatment of crocodiles for the purposes of breeding, rearing, transportation, tra

19、nslocation, slaughtering and exhibition by crocodile keepers or any other party keeping crocodiles for such purposes. It also covers environmental conditions for the breeding, rearing, transportation, slaughtering and exhibition of crocodiles in captivity, risks associated with crocodile farming, ac

20、tivities related to exhibition, and the health and safety of employees. 1.2 This standard does not cover naturally occurring crocodile populations in the wild. However, it is noted that where crocodiles are kept in the wild on private game farms as “free ranging” game, these crocodile populations wi

21、ll be affected from time to time by unfavourable natural catastrophic events. 2 Normative references The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the refe

22、renced document (including any amendments) applies. Information on currently valid national and international standards can be obtained from the SABS Standards Division. 2.1 Standards SANS 1884-3, Holding pens for temporary housing of animals Part 3: Vehicles for transportation of wild carnivores by

23、 road to holding pens and other facilities. VC 8054, Disinfectants and detergent-disinfectants. 2.2 Other publications International Air Transport Association (IATA). 3 Definitions For the purposes of this document, the following definitions apply. 3.1 adult crocodile crocodile of length 2 000 mm an

24、d longer SANS 631:2009 Edition 1 6 3.2 competent qualified by training or suitable experience 3.3 crocodile Nile crocodile, Crocodylus niloticus, or any of the exotic crocodilian species not endemic to South Africa 3.4 crocodile keeper person, or any other party, that keeps crocodiles for any purpos

25、e NOTE This includes crocodile farmers, zoo keepers, game farmers, animal hobbyists, research facilities, etc. 3.5 dressing the progressive separation of a crocodile carcass into edible parts and inedible material 3.6 euthanasia humane and painless killing of an animal 3.7 hatchling crocodile in the

26、 first year of life 3.8 high-risk task task that involves any activity in close proximity to crocodiles (for example, the handling of juvenile and adult crocodiles, the collection of eggs, crocodile transportation, or show feeding) 3.9 humane using methods that afford the minimum amount of stress an

27、d pain 3.10 husbandry breeding, rearing, care and management of animals 3.11 juvenile crocodile Nile crocodile older than one year and of length 750 mm to 2 000 mm 3.12 nape skin skin of the bottom jaw 3.13 pithing insertion of a metal rod or sharp pointed instrument into the brain SANS 631:2009 Edi

28、tion 1 7 3.14 rearing crocodiles hatchlings and juvenile crocodiles 3.15 show feeding feeding of crocodiles for public exhibition 4 Requirements for crocodile keepers 4.1 General 4.1.1 All crocodiles shall be kept and treated humanely in accordance with the current relevant national legislation (see

29、 foreword). 4.1.2 All crocodile keepers shall be authorized to keep crocodiles in captivity in accordance with the current relevant national legislation (see foreword). 4.1.3 All crocodile keepers shall comply with the requirements of the current relevant national legislation (see foreword). 4.1.4 A

30、dequate facilities and resources, which include accommodation, food, water supply, and healthcare for sick and injured crocodiles, shall be supplied for the well-being of all crocodiles. 4.1.5 All work with crocodiles and their handling shall be under the supervision of a well trained, competent per

31、son. 4.1.6 Adult crocodiles shall not be handled, except for purposes of translocation or treatment of illnesses and disease. 4.1.7 Rearing crocodiles shall only be handled for day to day husbandry purposes. The excessive handling of rearing crocodiles shall be avoided. 4.1.8 Crocodiles in captivity

32、 shall not be unduly stressed by excessive noise, chemical pollution, human interaction or the lack of thermal regulation. NOTE It is recommended that an experienced crocodile veterinarian, designated by the South African Crocodile Farmers Association (SACFA), arbitrate where there is a dispute rela

33、ted to crocodiles in captivity. 4.1.9 There are risks involved with the keeping of crocodiles, therefore, crocodile keepers shall ensure that there is communication and supervision of employees throughout the risk management process. 4.2 Employee health and safety 4.2.1 All crocodile keepers shall e

34、nsure the health and safety of employees in accordance with the current relevant national legislation (see foreword). 4.2.2 Crocodile keepers shall ensure that first aid training is provided to employees, where relevant. 4.2.3 All crocodile keepers shall, in accordance with the current relevant nati

35、onal legislation (see foreword), SANS 631:2009 Edition 1 8 a) inform employees about the nature of the work, b) provide training to employees regarding all hazards associated with the work, and c) provide supervision to employees. 4.2.4 All employees shall be provided with personal protective clothi

36、ng and equipment in accordance with the current relevant national legislation (see foreword), where relevant. 4.3 Working with crocodiles 4.3.1 Employees should be experienced in the relevant duties to be performed. 4.3.2 When there are other crocodiles in an enclosure, work with an individual croco

37、dile shall be done outside this crocodile enclosure, where possible. 4.3.3 When an employee is required to enter an enclosure and the crocodiles cannot be isolated, at least one other employee shall be present to provide assistance in case of an emergency. 4.4 Crocodile health 4.4.1 Sick or injured

38、crocodiles shall be treated timeously, and should be isolated from healthy crocodiles. 4.4.2 It is recommended that for good husbandry practices, an experienced crocodile veterinarian be consulted regarding the healthcare of crocodiles. 4.4.3 Dead crocodiles shall be removed immediately from enclosu

39、res. It is recommended that weak and deformed hatchlings be put to death by recommended euthanasia methods. 4.4.4 All crocodiles shall be inspected at least once a day by trained employees for their well-being. 5 Requirements for crocodile enclosures 5.1 General 5.1.1 The type of enclosure and housi

40、ng shall be determined by the size of the crocodiles. 5.1.2 The enclosure shall be of a size that provides for the normal physiological functions of the crocodile. 5.1.3 The enclosure shall be walled or fenced, and shall be of such height, depth and design as to prevent the escape of crocodiles and

41、access by the public. 5.1.4 Crocodile enclosures and pens shall be designed to accommodate maintenance requirements. The walls, fences, or enclosures shall be maintained and inspected daily. 5.1.5 Crocodile enclosures shall be so designed as to prevent injury to the crocodiles. 5.1.6 Enclosures with

42、 sharp corners shall be fitted with inward overhangs to prevent crocodiles from climbing out. It is recommended that a second fence be constructed around the enclosure to ensure an SANS 631:2009 Edition 1 9 additional barrier in the event that a crocodile escapes and to prevent access to the crocodi

43、les by unauthorized people. 5.1.7 Crocodile enclosures shall be kept clean and free from leftover food. 5.2 Enclosures for adult crocodiles 5.2.1 The enclosure for adult crocodiles shall be: a) a single upright solid wall or galvanised steel mesh fence, of height at least 1 500 mm; or b) an upright

44、solid wall or galvanised steel mesh fence, of height at least 1 200 mm, and with a 300 mm 45 inward overhang constructed from similar strength material. 5.2.2 It is recommended that the fence be constructed from welded mesh wire of aperture size 100 mm 50 mm and a 3,15 mm gauge. 5.2.3 The enclosure

45、shall be at least 300 mm beneath the surface of the ground to prevent burrowing. 5.3 Enclosures for juvenile crocodiles 5.3.1 The enclosure for juvenile crocodiles shall be: a) a single upright solid wall or galvanised steel mesh fence, of height at least 1 200 mm; or b) an upright solid wall or gal

46、vanized steel mesh fence, of height at least 1 000 mm, and with a 300 mm 45 inward overhang constructed from similar strength material. 5.3.2 It is recommended that the fence be constructed from welded mesh wire of aperture size 50 mm 50 mm and a 2,5 mm gauge. 5.3.3 The enclosure shall be at least 1

47、00 mm beneath the surface of the ground to prevent burrowing. 5.4 Enclosures for hatchlings 5.4.1 The enclosure for hatchlings shall be a single upright solid wall, of height at least 1 000 mm. 5.4.2 Where hatchlings are kept outdoors, precautions shall be taken to ensure their safekeeping and well-

48、being from predation by other animals such as birds, monkeys and monitor lizards. Precautions shall also be taken to protect hatchlings from theft. 5.5 Enclosures for breeding crocodiles 5.5.1 The enclosure shall be provided with appropriate nesting sites. The nesting site shall be a flat sand bed o

49、f a depth of at least 1 000 mm. 5.5.2 If artificial nesting sites are used, then it is recommended that river sand be used as the nesting medium. The area of the nesting site should be 4 000 mm2and at least 1 000 mm deep. 5.5.3 It is recommended that the stocking sex ratio for breeding crocodiles be five females to one male. SANS 631:2009 Edition 1 10 5.6 Water 5.6.1 All captive crocodiles shall be provided with water. 5.6.2 The water quality shall be such as to allow crocodiles to drink without compromise to their physical well-being. 5.6.3 The water body shall be not less