SANS 100099-2008 International vocabulary of metrology - Basic and general concepts and associated terms (VIM)《国际计量学词汇 基本及一般概念及相关术语(VIM)》.pdf

《SANS 100099-2008 International vocabulary of metrology - Basic and general concepts and associated terms (VIM)《国际计量学词汇 基本及一般概念及相关术语(VIM)》.pdf》由会员分享，可在线阅读，更多相关《SANS 100099-2008 International vocabulary of metrology - Basic and general concepts and associated terms (VIM)《国际计量学词汇 基本及一般概念及相关术语(VIM)》.pdf（99页珍藏版）》请在麦多课文档分享上搜索。

1、 Collection of SANS standards in electronic format (PDF) 1. Copyright This standard is available to staff members of companies that have subscribed to the complete collection of SANS standards in accordance with a formal copyright agreement. This document may reside on a CENTRAL FILE SERVER or INTRA

2、NET SYSTEM only. Unless specific permission has been granted, this document MAY NOT be sent or given to staff members from other companies or organizations. Doing so would constitute a VIOLATION of SABS copyright rules. 2. Indemnity The South African Bureau of Standards accepts no liability for any

3、damage whatsoever than may result from the use of this material or the information contain therein, irrespective of the cause and quantum thereof. ISBN 978-0-626-21402-9 SANS 100099:2008Edition 1ISO/IEC Guide 99:2007Edition 3SOUTH AFRICAN NATIONAL STANDARD International vocabulary of metrology Basic

4、 and general concepts and associated terms (VIM) This national standard is the identical implementation of ISO/IEC Guide 99:2007, and is adopted with the permission of the International Organization for Standardization. Published by SABS Standards Division 1 Dr Lategan Road Groenkloof Private Bag x1

5、91 Pretoria 0001 Tel: +27 12 428 7911 fax: +27 12 344 1568 www.sabs.co.za SABS SANS 100099:2008 Edition 1 ISO/IEC Guide 99:2007 Edition 3 Table of changes Change No. Date Scope National foreword This South African standard was approved by National Committee SABS TC1046, SA REMCO, in accordance with

6、procedures of SABS Standards Division, in compliance with annex 3 of the WTO/TBT agreement. This document was published in August 2008. PROOF/PREUVEThird edition 2007 Troisime dition 2007 ISO/IEC 2007 GUIDE 99 International vocabulary of metrology Basic and general concepts and associated terms (VIM

7、) Vocabulaire international de mtrologie Concepts fondamentaux et gnraux et termes associs (VIM) SANS 100099:2008This s tandard may only be used and printed by approved subscription and freemailing clients of the SABS .ISO/IEC GUIDE 99:2007(E/F) PDF disclaimer This PDF file may contain embedded type

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18、chniques destins exclusivement lenseignement ou la mise en application. Les conditions dune telle reproduction sont les suivantes: aucune modification nest apporte aux termes et dfinitions; la reproduction nest pas autorise dans des dictionnaires ou publications similaires destins la vente; la prsen

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20、t de lISO ladresse ci-aprs ou du comit membre de lISO dans le pays du demandeur. ISO copyright office Case postale 56 CH-1211 Geneva 20 Tel. + 41 22 749 01 11 Fax + 41 22 749 09 47 E-mail copyrightiso.org Web www.iso.org Published in Switzerland/Publi en Suisse ii PROOF/PREUVE ISO/IEC 2007 All right

21、s reserved/Tous droits rservsSANS 100099:2008This s tandard may only be used and printed by approved subscription and freemailing clients of the SABS .ISO/IEC GUIDE 99:2007(E/F) ISO/IEC 2007 All rights reserved/Tous droits rservs PROOF/PREUVE iiiContents Page Foreword .v Introduction.vii Conventions

22、.xi Scope.1 1 Quantities and units2 2 Measurement .16 3 Devices for measurement 34 4 Properties of measuring devices.37 5 Measurement standards (Etalons) 46 Annex A (informative) Concept diagrams 54 Bibliography78 List of acronyms.83 Alphabetical index85 SANS 100099:2008This s tandard may only be us

23、ed and printed by approved subscription and freemailing clients of the SABS .ISO/IEC GUIDE 99:2007(E/F) ISO/IEC 2007 All rights reserved/Tous droits rservs PROOF/PREUVE vForeword ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies (ISO memb

24、er bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, government

25、al and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization. International Standards are drafted in accordance with the rules given in the ISO/IEC Direct

26、ives, Part 2. Draft Guides adopted by the responsible Committee or Group are circulated to the member bodies for voting. Publication as a Guide requires approval by at least 75 % of the member bodies casting a vote. Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may

27、 be the subject of patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. This first edition of ISO/IEC Guide 99 cancels and replaces the second edition of the International vocabulary of basic and general terms in metrology (VIM). It is equivalent to the thi

28、rd edition of the VIM. For further information, see the Introduction (0.2) Note that in this document, GUM is used to refer to the industry-recognized publication, adopted as ISO/IEC Guide 98-3:2008. When a specific subclause number is cited, the reference is to ISO/IEC Guide 98-3:2008. SANS 100099:

29、2008This s tandard may only be used and printed by approved subscription and freemailing clients of the SABS .ISO/IEC GUIDE 99:2007(E/F) ISO/IEC 2007 All rights reserved/Tous droits rservs PROOF/PREUVE viiIntroduction 0.1 General In general, a vocabulary is a “terminological dictionary which contain

30、s designations and definitions from one or more specific subject fields” (ISO 1087-1:2000, 3.7.2). The present Vocabulary pertains to metrology, the “science of measurement and its application”. It also covers the basic principles governing quantities and units. The field of quantities and units cou

31、ld be treated in many different ways. Clause 1 of this Vocabulary is one such treatment, and is based on the principles laid down in the various parts of ISO 31, Quantities and units, currently being replaced by ISO 80000 and IEC 80000 series Quantities and units, and in the SI Brochure, The Interna

32、tional System of Units (published by the BIPM). The second edition of the International vocabulary of basic and general terms in metrology (VIM) was published in 1993. The need to cover measurements in chemistry and laboratory medicine for the first time, as well as to incorporate concepts such as t

33、hose that relate to metrological traceability, measurement uncertainty, and nominal properties, led to this third edition. Its title is now International vocabulary of metrology Basic and general concepts and associated terms (VIM), in order to emphasize the primary role of concepts in developing a

34、vocabulary. In this Vocabulary, it is taken for granted that there is no fundamental difference in the basic principles of measurement in physics, chemistry, laboratory medicine, biology, or engineering. Furthermore, an attempt has been made to meet conceptual needs of measurement in fields such as

35、biochemistry, food science, forensic science, and molecular biology. Several concepts that appeared in the second edition of the VIM do not appear in this third edition because they are no longer considered to be basic or general. For example, the concept response time, used in describing the tempor

36、al behaviour of a measuring system, is not included. For concepts related to measurement devices that are not covered by this third edition of the VIM, the reader should consult other vocabularies such as IEC 60050, International Electrotechnical Vocabulary, IEV. For concepts concerned with quality

37、management, mutual recognition arrangements pertaining to metrology, or legal metrology, the reader is referred to documents given in the bibliography. Development of this third edition of the VIM has raised some fundamental questions about different current philosophies and descriptions of measurem

38、ent, as will be summarized below. These differences sometimes lead to difficulties in developing definitions that could be used across the different descriptions. No preference is given in this third edition to any of the particular approaches. The change of the treatment of measurement uncertainty

39、from an Error Approach (sometimes called Traditional Approach or True Value Approach) to an Uncertainty Approach necessitated reconsideration of some of the related concepts appearing in the second edition of the VIM. The objective of measurement in the Error Approach is to determine an estimate of

40、the true value that is as close as possible to that single true value. The deviation from the true value is composed of random and systematic errors. The two kinds of errors, assumed to be always distinguishable, have to be treated differently. No rule can be derived on how they combine to form the

41、total error of any given measurement result, usually taken as the estimate. Usually, only an upper limit of the absolute value of the total error is estimated, sometimes loosely named “uncertainty”. In the CIPM Recommendation INC-1 (1980) on the Statement of Uncertainties, it is suggested that the c

42、omponents of measurement uncertainty should be grouped into two categories, Type A and Type B, according to whether they were evaluated by statistical methods or otherwise, and that they be combined to yield a variance according to the rules of mathematical probability theory by also treating the Ty

43、pe B components in terms of variances. The resulting standard deviation is an expression of a measurement uncertainty. A view of the Uncertainty Approach was detailed in the Guide to the expression of uncertainty in measurement (GUM) (1993, corrected and reprinted in 1995) that focused on the mathem

44、atical treatment of measurement uncertainty through an explicit measurement model under the assumption that the measurand can be characterized by an essentially unique value. Moreover, in the GUM as well as in IEC documents, guidance is provided on the Uncertainty Approach in the case of a single re

45、ading of a calibrated instrument, a situation normally met in industrial metrology. SANS 100099:2008This s tandard may only be used and printed by approved subscription and freemailing clients of the SABS .ISO/IEC GUIDE 99:2007(E/F) viii PROOF/PREUVE ISO/IEC 2007 All rights reserved/Tous droits rser

46、vsThe objective of measurement in the Uncertainty Approach is not to determine a true value as closely as possible. Rather, it is assumed that the information from measurement only permits assignment of an interval of reasonable values to the measurand, based on the assumption that no mistakes have

47、been made in performing the measurement. Additional relevant information may reduce the range of the interval of values that can reasonably be attributed to the measurand. However, even the most refined measurement cannot reduce the interval to a single value because of the finite amount of detail i

48、n the definition of a measurand. The definitional uncertainty, therefore, sets a minimum limit to any measurement uncertainty. The interval can be represented by one of its values, called a “measured quantity value”. In the GUM, the definitional uncertainty is considered to be negligible with respec

49、t to the other components of measurement uncertainty. The objective of measurement is then to establish a probability that this essentially unique value lies within an interval of measured quantity values, based on the information available from measurement. The IEC scenario focuses on measurements with single readings, permitting the investigation of whether quantities vary in time by demonstrating whether measurement results