SAE J 98-1992 Personnel Protection for General Purpose Industrial Machines.pdf

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1、SAE Technical Standards Board Rules provide that: “This report is published by SAE to advance the state of technical and engineering sciences. The use of this report is entirelyvoluntary, and its applicability and suitability for any particular use, including any patent infringement arising therefro

2、m, is the sole responsibility of the user.”SAE reviews each technical report at least every five years at which time it may be reaffirmed, revised, or cancelled. SAE invites your written comments and suggestions.Copyright 2004 SAE InternationalAll rights reserved. No part of this publication may be

3、reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying,recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of SAE.TO PLACE A DOCUMENT ORDER: Tel: 877-606-7323 (inside USA and Canada)Tel: 724-776-4970 (outside USA)Fax: 724-

4、776-0790Email: custsvcsae.orgSAE WEB ADDRESS: http:/www.sae.orgSURFACEVEHICLESTANDARDJ98REAF.MAY2004Issued 1973-05Reaffirmed 2004-05Superseding J98 NOV1992Personnel Protection for General Purpose Industrial Machines1. Scope and PurposeThis SAE Standard is intended to be used as a guide for manufactu

5、rers and users ofgeneral purpose industrial machines to provide a reasonable degree of protection for personnel during normaloperation and servicing. This document excludes skid steers which are covered by SAE J1388. Avoidance ofaccidents also depends upon the care exercised by such persons (see SAE

6、 J153). Inclusion of this standardin state, federal, or any laws or regulations where flexibility of revision is lacking is discouraged.2. References2.1 Applicable PublicationsThe following publications form a part of this specification to the extent specifiedherein. The latest issue of SAE publicat

7、ions shall apply.2.1.1 SAE PUBLICATIONSAvailable from SAE, 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA 15096-0001.SAE J38 AUG91Lift Arm Support Device for LoadersSAE J99 MAR86Lighting and Marking of Industrial Equipment on HighwaysSAE J115 JAN87Safety SignsSAE J153 MAY87Operator PrecautionsSAE J185 JUN88

8、Access Systems for Off-Road MachinesSAE J208 AUG86Safety for Agricultural TractorsSAE J297 JUN85Operator Controls on Industrial EquipmentSAE J386 JUN85Operator Restraint Systems for Off-Road Work MachinesSAE J674 NOV90Safety Glazing Materials Motor VehiclesSAE J717 FEB87Auxiliary Power Take-Off Driv

9、es for Agricultural TractorsSAE J721 MAY87Operating Requirements for Tractors and Power Take-Off Driven ImplementsSAE J725 MAR91Mounting Brackets and Socket for Warning Lamp and Slow-Moving Vehicle (SMV)Identification EmblemSAE J920 SEP85Technical Publications for Off-Road Work MachinesSAE J943 JUN8

10、8Slow-Moving Vehicle Identification EmblemSAE J1026 APR90Braking PerformanceIn Service Crawler Tractors and Crawler LoadersSAE J1029 MAR86Lighting and Marking of Construction and Industrial MachinerySAE J1042 FEB86Operator Protection for General Purpose Industrial MachinesSAE J1116 JUN86Categories o

11、f Off-Road Self-Propelled Work MachinesSAE J1170 JUN91Rear Power Take-Off for Agricultural TractorsSAE J98 Reaffirmed MAY2004-2-SAE J1362 JUN92Symbols for Controls, Indicators, and Tell-Tales for Off-Road, Self-Propelled WorkMachinesSAE J1388 JUN85Personnel ProtectionSkid Steer LoadersSAE J1473 OCT9

12、0Braking PerformanceRubber-Tired Earthmoving Machines2.1.2 ANSIAVAILABLE FROM ANSI, 25 WEST 43RD STREET, NEW YORK, NY 10036-8002ANSI/SAE Z26.1Safety Code for Safety Glazing Materials for Glazing, Motor Vehicles Operatingon Land Highways2.1.3 ASAE PUBLICATIONSAvailable from ASAE, 2950 Niles Road, St.

13、 Joseph, MI 49085-9659.ASAE S318.2Safety Chain for Towed EquipmentASAE S318.10Safety for Agricultural Equipment2.1.4 ECE PUBLICATIONAvailable from Economic Commission for Europe, Palais des Nations 1211 Geneve 10,Switzerland.ECE Regulation #43Uniform Provisions Concerning the Approval of Safety Glaz

14、ing and GlazingMaterials for Installation on Power Driven Vehicles and Their Trailers2.1.5 ISO PUBLICATIONAvailable from ANSI, 11 West 42nd Street, New York, NY 10036-8002.ISO 6405-2Common symbols3. Definitions3.1 General Purpose Industrial MachinesAre defined as that class of tractors and associate

15、d equipment usedin the operations such as landscaping, construction services, loading, digging, grounds keeping, and highwaymaintenance (see SAE J1116).3.2 Propelling MachinesAre tractors or self-propelled units.3.3 Towed, Semi-mounted, And Mounted EquipmentAre equipment used in conjunction with pro

16、pellingmachines as defined in 3.2.3.4 A HighwayIs the entire width between the boundary lines of every way publicly maintained when any partthereof is open to the use of the public for purposes of vehicular travel. (Uniform Vehicle Code published byNational Committee on Uniform Traffic Laws and Ordi

17、nances.)3.5 Acute Entry AngleIs the mesh point of gears or the run-on point where a belt or chain contacts a sheave,sprocket, or idler.3.6 A “Guard“ Or “Shield“Is a barrier which is intended to prevent inadvertent contact with a potential hazardduring operation.3.7 Guarded By LocationA hazard is gua

18、rded by location when it is guarded by other parts or components ofthe machine that are not themselves guards, or when the hazard is beyond the safety distance.SAE J98 Reaffirmed MAY2004-3-4. Labels, Safety Signs, and Instructions4.1 Safety signs shall be displayed to warn the operator and others of

19、 potential hazards during normal operationsand servicing.4.2 Safety signs shall conform to SAE J115.4.3 Controls whose functions are not obvious should be identified. If symbols are used, they shall be inaccordance with SAE J1362 or ISO 6405-2.4.4 Operation, Service, and Maintenance Instructions4.4.

20、1 General operator instructions and field maintenance procedures shall be provided by manuals and/ormachine signs. Manuals should have SAE J153 and SAE J920 as a guideline.The manual shall also advise that: In addition to the design and configuration of equipment, hazard controland accident preventi

21、on are dependent upon the awareness, concern, and prudence and requires suitabletraining of personnel involved in the operation, transport, maintenance, and storage of equipment.4.4.2 Written hazard avoidance instructions shall include identification of the need for personal protectiveequipment such

22、 as, but not limited to, protection for the eyes, ears, feet, hands, and head.4.4.3 Stored energy devices can release energy in an uncontrolled and hazardous manner if not disconnectedand/or disassembled following proper procedures. Signs identifying the potential hazard and its propercorrective act

23、ion shall be provided on or near the device and/or to reference such procedures in theoperators manual. Examples of stored energy devices are spring loaded mechanisms, pressurized fluidsystems, and hydraulic accumulators.4.4.4 HYDRAULIC HAZARDS (IF APPLICABLE)The operators service and maintenance ma

24、nuals shall contain:a. A warning that hydraulic fluid escaping under pressure can have sufficient force to enter a personsbody by penetrating the skin and can cause serious injury and possibly death if proper medicaltreatment by a physician familiar with this type of injury is not received immediate

25、ly.b. Information cautioning to keep body and hands away from pin holes or nozzles which eject hydraulicfluid under high pressure and to use paper or cardboard and NOT HANDS to search for leaks.c. Information cautioning the operator to make sure all hydraulic fluid connections are tight and allhydra

26、ulic hoses are in good condition before applying pressure to the system.d. Information explaining how to minimize the hazard during the relieving of all pressure or force in eachsystem before disconnecting the lines or performing work on the system.5. Service5.1 Servicing or adjusting shall be done

27、with the engine stopped except where specific instructions to performcertain operations with the engine running are provided with the equipment.5.2 Access shall be provided to the areas requiring regular servicing, adjusting, or inspecting.6. Operator Controls6.1 Location and movement of operator co

28、ntrols shall be in accordance with SAE J297.SAE J98 Reaffirmed MAY2004-4-6.2 Controls should be identified. If symbols are used, they shall be in accordance with SAE J1362.6.3 Foot pedals shall be of adequate size, spacing, and appropriate configuration, and shall have either slip-resistant surfaces

29、 or other means of minimizing the possibility of operators feet slipping off the pedals.6.4 Hand controls shall be of appropriate configuration and size to permit an adequate grasp and hand clearance.7. Operating and Servicing Positions7.1 All propelling machines and equipment shall be equipped with

30、 access systems in accordance with SAE J185.7.2 If the mounting step(s), ladder(s), or handhold(s) of the propelling machine are made inaccessible byinstallation of mounted equipment, similar facilities for steps and handholds shall be provided on theequipment.7.3 A slip-resistant means shall be pro

31、vided on the operators platform to minimize the possibility of slipping.7.4 Glazing material, such as glass or plastic used in cabs, shall be of a type and quality that minimizes the risk ofinjury due to fragmentation when fractured in accordance with SAE J674, except that:7.4.1 Windshields may conf

32、orm to tempered safety glass, Item 2 of ANSI Z26.1 (see draft latest issue).7.4.2 Windshields may include zone toughened glass conforming to ECE Regulation Number 43 (see draft latestissue).7.4.3 Curved and flat glazing material larger than 1.4 m2(15.1 ft2) for windshields and for side and rear wind

33、ows ofpropelling machines may deviate from 7.4.1 requirements in that, when broken, what appears to be the 10largest particles shall weigh no more than the equivalent weight of 64.5 cm2(10 in2) of the sample.7.5 If the operation of the equipment or machine requires a second person on either the prop

34、elling machine or theequipment, a suitable position shall be provided which conforms to Section 7. Instructions shall discourageany other person from riding on either the equipment or the propelling machine.7.6 All sharp edges and corners at the operators station and entry way shall be appropriately

35、 treated to minimizepotential hazard to the operator.8. Power Take-OffThe power take-off (PTO) and power take-off drive lines shall conform to the provisions ofSAE J1170, SAE J721, and the PTO section of SAE J208. Auxiliary power take-offs shall conform to SAEJ717. Non-standard auxiliary drives inte

36、nded to power only selected implements or attachments should be soidentified.9. Tractor Rollover Protection9.1 Rollover Protective Structure (ROPS) and Falling Object Protective Structure (FOPS) shall be provided andconform to SAE J1042.9.2 Batteries, fuel tanks, oil reservoirs, and coolant systems

37、should be constructed, located, or sealed perguidelines in SAE J1042.SAE J98 Reaffirmed MAY2004-5-10. Shields or Guards10.1 Traction ElementsAll propelling machines shall be provided with fenders or guards to minimize thepossibility of the operator, when in the normal position within the operators s

38、tation, contacting moving tractionelements, unless the propelling machine is fitted with equipment or other means of accomplishing this purpose.10.2 Engine ComponentsProvisions shall be made to minimize the possibility of personal contact with rotatingcomponents when the engine is running.10.3 Heat

39、ProtectionA guard or shield shall be provided to minimize inadvertent contact with surfaces hotenough to cause personal injury during normal operation or servicing.10.4 Power Drives on Propelling Machines and EquipmentThe acute entry angles of exposed gears, belts,and chain drives and idlers shall b

40、e covered by shields, rods, mesh, or other portions of the machine tominimize the possibility of inadvertent contact.10.5 Constant running drives, or drives that rotate when the engine is running with all clutches disengaged, shallhave the outside face of pulleys, sheaves, sprockets, and gears, plus

41、 the sides at acute entry angles coveredby a shield.10.6 Rotating shafts and projections, such as exposed bolts, keys, or set screws on sprockets, sheaves or pulleys,shall be shielded unless guarded by location.10.7 Ground drives shall be shielded in accordance with 10.4 and 10.6 if personnel are ex

42、posed to them while thedrives are in motion.10.8 Functional components, such as cutterbars, flail rotors, mixing augers, conveying augers, rotary tillers, andsimilar units which must be exposed for proper function shall be shielded to a degree consistent with theintended function of the component.10

43、.9 Access doors and shields, which present the risk of injury from functional components when not in place, shallnot be readily detachable from the machine.10.10 Access doors and shields for functional components which continue to rotate after the power is disengagedand present the risk of injury sh

44、all have a suitable safety sign provided in the immediate area.10.11 Shields shall be free from sharp corners and projections.11. Raised ComponentsA means shall be provided to protect against inadvertent dropping of liftedcomponents on propelling machines or equipment which must be in raised positio

45、n for normal servicing oradjusting. (For front-end loaders, see SAE J38.)12. Travel on Highways12.1 Lighting and markings of propelling machines and equipment shall conform to SAE J99.12.1.1 The operators manual for the unit shall instruct the user to operate the flashing warning light whenever thep

46、ropelling machine is on a highway except where such use is prohibited by law.SAE J98 Reaffirmed MAY2004-6-12.2 Hitch pins and other hitching devices shall be provided with a retainer to prevent accidental unhitching.12.3 Components that are retracted to decrease transport width shall have a means fo

47、r securing during transport.12.4 Provisions shall be made for the use of safety chains on equipment which is towed behind motor vehicles onhighways (see ASAE S338.2).12.5 Slow moving vehicle identification emblem and mounting shall conform to SAE J943 and SAE J725.13. Braking and Parking Requirement

48、sBraking systems shall comply with SAE J1026 for crawler machines.Performance of brake systems for in-service wheeled machines shall comply with SAE J1473.14. Fire Protection14.1 Shields shall be provided for the engine manifolds, muffler, and exhaust pipe when necessary to preventcontact with flamm

49、able material normally associated with a given operation.14.2 Sediment bowls used on gasoline engines shall be fire resistant.14.3 Fuel tanks for gasoline engines shall have the air expansion volume vented. Leakage from the tank or ventshould not occur at the manufacturers maximum recommended machine operating angles.15. Operator restraint system shall be per SAE J386 and SAE J1042, requirements for industrial machines.16. LightingLighting and marking of off-road machines shall conform to SAE J1029.17. Notes17.1 Key WordsPer