SAE J 415-1995 Definitions of Heat Treating Terms《热处理术语定义》.pdf

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1、SAE Technical Standards Board Rules provide that: “This report is published by SAE to advance the state of technical and engineering sciences. The use of this report is entirelyvoluntary, and its applicability and suitability for any particular use, including any patent infringement arising therefro

2、m, is the sole responsibility of the user.”SAE reviews each technical report at least every five years at which time it may be reaffirmed, revised, or cancelled. SAE invites your written comments and suggestions.QUESTIONS REGARDING THIS DOCUMENT: (412) 772-8512 FAX: (412) 776-0243TO PLACE A DOCUMENT

3、 ORDER; (412) 776-4970 FAX: (412) 776-0790SAE WEB ADDRESS http:/www.sae.orgCopyright 1995 Society of Automotive Engineers, Inc.All rights reserved. Printed in U.S.A.SURFACEVEHICLE400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA 15096-0001INFORMATIONREPORTSubmitted for recognition as an American National Stand

4、ardJ415REV.JUL95Issued 1911-06Revised 1995-07Superseding J415 JUN83(R) DEFINITIONS OF HEAT TREATING TERMSForewordThis Document has not changed other than to put it into the new SAE Technical Standards BoardFormat.1. Scope(These definitions were prepared by the Joint Committee on Definitions of Terms

5、 Relating to HeatTreatment appointed by the American Society for Testing and Materials, The American Society for Metals, theAmerican Foundrymens Association, and the SAE.) This SAE revision emphasizes the terms used in heattreating ferrous alloys, but also includes for reference some non-ferrous def

6、initions at the end of the document.This glossary is not intended to be a specification, and it should not be interpreted as such. Since this isintended to be strictly a set of definitions, temperatures have been omitted purposely.2. References2.1 Applicable PublicationsThe following publications fo

7、rm a part of this specification to the extent specifiedherein. The latest issue of SAE publications shall apply.2.1.1 SAE PUBLICATIONSAvailable from SAE, 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA 15096-0001.SAE J418Grain Size DeterminationSAE J763Aging of Carbon Steel Sheet and StripSAE J940Glossary of

8、 Carbon Steel Sheet and Strip Terms3. Definitions3.1 Accm, Ac1, Ac3, Ac4Defined under Transformation Temperature.3.2 Aecm, Ae1, Ae3, Ae4Defined under Transformation Temperature.3.3 Age HardeningHardening by aging, usually after rapid cooling or cold working. See Aging.COPYRIGHT Society of Automotive

9、 Engineers, Inc.Licensed by Information Handling ServicesSAE J415 Revised JUL95-2-3.4 AgingA generic term denoting a time-temperature-dependent change in the properties of certain alloys.Except for strain aging and age softening, it is the result of precipitation from a solid solution of one or more

10、compounds whose solubility decreases with decreasing temperature. For each alloy system susceptible toaging, there is a unique range of time-temperature combinations to which the system will respond. See alsoAge Hardening, Artificial Aging, Age Softening, Natural Aging, Overaging, Peak Aging, Precip

11、itationHardening, Precipitation Heat Treatment, Quench Aging, Strain Aging, and Underaging.3.5 AnnealingA generic term denoting a treatment, consisting of heating at an appropriate rate to a suitabletemperature, holding for an appropriate time, and cooling at a suitable rate. Used primarily to softe

12、n metallicmaterials, but also to simultaneously produce desired changes in other properties or in microstructure. Thepurpose of such changes may be, but is not confined to, one or more of: (a) improvement of machinability; (b)facilitation of cold work; (c) improvement of mechanical or electrical pro

13、perties or increase in stability ofdimensions.The time-temperature cycles used vary widely in heating rate, maximum temperature attained, and in coolingrate employed, depending on the composition of the material, its condition, and the results desired. Whenapplicable, the following more specific com

14、mercial process names should be used: Black Annealing, BlueAnnealing, Box Annealing, Bright Annealing, Cycle Annealing, Flame Annealing, Full Annealing, Graphitizing,In-Process Annealing, Isothermal Annealing, Malleabilizing, Orientation Annealing, Process Annealing,Quench Annealing, and Spheroidizi

15、ng. When the term is used without qualification full annealing is implied.Any process of annealing will usually reduce stresses, but when applied only for the relief of stress, the processis properly called stress relief annealing.3.6 Artificial AgingAging above room temperature. See Aging and Preci

16、pitation Heat Treatment. Comparewith Natural Aging.3.7 AusformingMechanically working an appropriate high hardenability steel after quenching from above theupper critical temperature to a temperature between the lower critical and the Ms temperature, andisothermally transforming or quenching to prod

17、uce the desired properties.3.8 AustemperingQuenching a ferrous alloy from a temperature above the transformation range, in a mediumhaving a rate of heat extraction sufficient to prevent the formation of ferrite or pearlite, and then holding thealloy just above Ms until transformation to bainite is c

18、omplete.3.9 AustenitizingForming austenite by heating a ferrous alloy into the transformation range (partialaustenitizing) or above the transformation range (complete austenitizing). When used without qualification, theterm implies complete austenitizing.3.10 Austentic NitrocarburizingA lower-temper

19、ature variant of carbonitriding, austenitic nitrocarburizing isapplied to ferrous materials at typical processing temperatures of 676 c to 774 C (1250 F to 1425 F). Theprocess involves the diffusion of nitrogen and carbon into the surface of the work piece and the formation of athin white layer of e

20、psilon carbonitrides. Subsurface microstructure includes martensite and bainite whichimprove the load carrying capability when compared to ferritic nitrocarburizing.3.11 BakingHeating to a low temperature usually to remove gases such as hydrogen. Aging may result frombaking treatments.3.12 Black Ann

21、ealingBox annealing or pot annealing ferrous alloy sheet, strip, or wire. See Box Annealing.3.13 Blank CarburizingSimulating the carburizing operation without introducing carbon. This is usuallyaccomplished by using an inert material in place of the carburizing agent, or by applying a suitable prote

22、ctivecoating to the ferrous alloy.COPYRIGHT Society of Automotive Engineers, Inc.Licensed by Information Handling ServicesSAE J415 Revised JUL95-3-3.14 Blank NitridingSimulating the nitriding operation without introducing nitrogen. This is usually accomplishedby using an inert material in place of t

23、he nitriding agent, or by applying a suitable protective coating to theferrous alloy.3.15 Blue AnnealingHeating hot-rolled ferrous sheet in an open furnace to a temperature within thetransformation range and then cooling in air, in order to soften the metal, normally with the formation of a bluishox

24、ide on the surface.3.16 BluingSubjecting the scale free surface of a ferrous alloy to the action of air, steam, or other agents at asuitable temperature, thus forming a thin blue film of oxide and improving the appearance and resistance tocorrosion and adhesive wear.NOTEThis term is ordinarily appli

25、ed to sheet, strip, or finished parts. It is used also to denote the heating ofsprings after fabrication, in order to improve their properties.3.17 Box AnnealingAnnealing a metal or alloy in a sealed container under conditions that minimize oxidation. Inbox annealing a ferrous alloy, the charge is u

26、sually heated slowly to a temperature below the transformationrange, but sometimes above or within it, and is then cooled slowly; this process is also called “close annealing“or “pot annealing.“ See Black Annealing and SAE J940.3.18 Bright AnnealingAnnealing in a protective medium to prevent discolo

27、ration of the bright surface or toproduce a bright surface.3.19 BurningPermanently damaging a metal or alloy by heating to cause either incipient melting or intergranularoxidation. See Overheating.3.20 Carbon PotentialA measure of the ability of an environment containing active carbon to alter or ma

28、intain,under prescribed conditions, the carbon content of the steel exposed to it.NOTEIn any particular environment, the carbon level attained will depend on such factors as temperature,time, and steel composition.3.21 Carbon RestorationReplacing the carbon lost in the surface layer from previous pr

29、ocessing by addingcarbon to this layer to substantially the original carbon level.3.22 CarbonitridingA case hardening process in which a suitable ferrous material is heated above the lowertransformation temperature in a gaseous atmosphere of such composition as to cause simultaneousabsorption of car

30、bon and nitrogen by the surface and, by diffusion, create a concentration gradient. Theprocess is completed by cooling at a rate which produces the desired properties in the workpiece.3.23 CarburizingA process in which an austenitized ferrous material is brought into contact with a carbonaceousatmos

31、phere of sufficient carbon potential to cause absorption of carbon at the surface and, by diffusion, createa concentration gradient.3.24 CaseIn a ferrous alloy workpiece, the outer discrete layer whose composition has been altered by one of theprocesses of case hardening.3.25 Case HardeningA generic

32、 term covering several processes applicable to steel that change the chemicalcomposition of the surface layer by absorption of carbon, nitrogen, or a mixture of the two and, by diffusion,create a concentration gradient. The processes commonly used are: carburizing and quench hardening,cyaniding, nit

33、riding, and carbonitriding. The surface is characteristically harder than the subsurface material.The use of the applicable specific process name is preferred.COPYRIGHT Society of Automotive Engineers, Inc.Licensed by Information Handling ServicesSAE J415 Revised JUL95-4-3.26 CementationThe introduc

34、tion of one or more elements into the outer portion of a metal object by means ofdiffusion at high temperature.3.27 Close AnnealingSee Box Annealing.3.28 Cold TreatmentExposing to suitable low temperatures (usually below 40 C) for the purpose of obtainingdesired conditions or properties, such as dim

35、ensional or microstructural stability. When the treatment involvesthe transformation of retained austenite, it is usually followed by a tempering treatment.3.29 Conditioning Heat TreatmtntA preliminary heat treatment used to prepare a material for a desired reactionto a subsequent heat treatment. Fo

36、r the term to be meaningful, the treatment used must be specified.3.30 Continuous AnnealingProcess of passing a strand or sheet through a controlled atmosphere furnace thathas both heating and cooling zones. Temperatures, line speeds, and cooling rates are varied to obtain thedesired properties. Can

37、 also refer to a continuous heat treating process (e.g., belt furnaces.)3.31 Controlled CoolingCooling from an elevated temperature in a predetermined manner, to avoid hardening,cracking, or internal damage, or to produce a desired microstructure or mechanical properties.3.32 Core(a) Surface Hardeni

38、ng: Interior portion of unaltered composition, or microstructure, or both, of a surfacetreated steel article. (b) Clad Products: The central portion of a multilayer composite metallic material.3.33 Critical Cooling RateThe minimum rate of continuous cooling to prevent undesirable transformations. Fo

39、rsteel, unless otherwise specified, it is the minimum rate at which austenite must be continuously cooled tosuppress transformations above the Ms temperature.3.34 Critical Tempurature RangeSynonymous with Transformation range, which is preferred.3.35 Cryogenic TreatmentsSame as cold treatment only s

40、pecifically related to temperatures at or below that ofliquid nitrogen (196 C).3.36 CyanidingA case hardening process in which a ferrous material is heated above the lower transformationrange in a molten salt containing cyanide to cause simultaneous absorption of carbon and nitrogen at thesurface an

41、d, by diffusion, create a concentration gradient. Quench hardening completes the process.3.37 Cycle AnnealingAn annealing process employing a predetermined and closely controlled time-temperaturecycle to produce specific properties or microstructure.3.38 DecarburationThe loss of carbon from the surf

42、ace of a ferrous alloy usually as a result of heating in amedium that reacts with the carbon.3.39 Die Quenching or Press QuenchingRigidly fixturing a ferrous workpiece during quench hardening tominimize distortion produced by transformation of austenite.3.40 Diferential HeatingHeating that intention

43、ally produces a temperature gradient within an object such that,after cooling, a desired stress distribution or variation in properties is present within the object.3.41 Diffusion CoatingAny process whereby a base metal or alloy is either: (a) coated with another metal oralloy and heated to a suffic

44、ient temperature in a suitable environment or (b) exposed to a gaseous or liquidmedium containing the other metal or alloy, to cause diffusion of the coating or of the other metal or alloy intothe base metal with resultant change in the composition and properties of its surface.COPYRIGHT Society of

45、Automotive Engineers, Inc.Licensed by Information Handling ServicesSAE J415 Revised JUL95-5-3.42 Direct QuenchingQuenching carburized parts directly from the carburizing or austenitizing temperature.3.43 Double AgingEmployment of two different aging treatments to control the type of precipitate form

46、ed from asupersaturated alloy matrix in order to obtain the desired properties. The first aging treatment, sometimesreferred to as intermediate or stabilizing, is usually carried out at a higher temperature than the second.3.44 Double TemperingA treatment in which quench hardened steel is given two

47、complete tempering cycles atsubstantially the same temperature for the purpose of assuring completion of the tempering reaction andtransformation of untransformed austenite, promoting stability of the resulting microstructure.3.45 DrawingA misnomer for Tempering.3.46 Ductile NitridingSee nitriding.3

48、.47 Ferritic NitrocarburizingA process applied to ferrous materials that involves the diffusion of nitrogen andcarbon into the ferrite phase and the formation of thin white layer of epsilon carbonitrides. Low processtemperatures (below 676 C (1250 F) contribute to low distortion of the workpiece. Re

49、sultant properties ofthe process include improved adhesive wear properties (due to the thin white layer of epsilon carbonitrides),improved fatigue resistance, and improved corrosion resistance.3.48 Ferritizing AnnealA treatment given as-cast gray or ductile (nodular) iron to produce an essentially ferriticmatrix. For the term to be meaningful, the final microstructure desired or the time-temperature cycle used mustbe specified.3.49 Flame AnnealingAnnealing in which the heat is applied directly by a flame.3.50 Flame Harden