SAE ARP 4392-1993 Lighting Aircraft Exterior Night Vision Imaging System (NVIS) Compatible《兼容的飞机外部夜视成像系统(NVIS)照明》.pdf

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1、_ SAE Technical Standards Board Rules provide that: “This report is published by SAE to advance the state of technical and engineering sciences. The use of this report is entirely voluntary, and its applicability and suitability for any particular use, including any patent infringement arising there

2、from, is the sole responsibility of the user.” SAE reviews each technical report at least every five years at which time it may be revised, reaffirmed, stabilized, or cancelled. SAE invites your written comments and suggestions. Copyright 2016 SAE International All rights reserved. No part of this p

3、ublication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of SAE. TO PLACE A DOCUMENT ORDER: Tel: 877-606-7323 (inside USA and Canada) Tel: +1 724-776-497

4、0 (outside USA) Fax: 724-776-0790 Email: CustomerServicesae.org SAE WEB ADDRESS: http:/www.sae.org SAE values your input. To provide feedback on this Technical Report, please visit http:/www.sae.org/technical/standards/ARP4392 AEROSPACE RECOMMENDED PRACTICE ARP4392 Issued 1993-06 Reaffirmed 2016-05

5、Lighting, Aircraft Exterior, Night Vision Imaging System (NVIS) Compatible RATIONALE ARP4392 has been reaffirmed to comply with the SAE five-year review policy. 1. SCOPE:This SAE Aerospace Recommended Practice (ARP) describes the recommended performance levels for equipment located on the aircraft e

6、xterior which produces radiant energy which will provide desired information when viewed with NVIS goggles.These performance intensities, normally stated in candelas for visible light, are modified to consider the goggle spectral response range. Where necessary, location of the equipment on the airp

7、lane is specified.The spectral emission characteristics may or may not include visible light. Whether or not visible energy is emitted, this document will refer to these items of equipment as “lights“.1.1 Categories of Lights:The two types of lights defined in this document are classified as Categor

8、y I or Category II depending on the function of the light.For the specific intensities for all lights, it may be necessary to include both minimum and maximum energy requirements. This is because NVIS goggles are equipped with an automatic gain control which limits the amount of total brightness gai

9、n. This occurs when excess energy primarily in the 600 to 900 nm range is incident to the goggles and results in the loss of goggle resolution to the point where they do not serve their intended function.1.1.1 Category I: Category I lights are classified as lights or energy sources which are viewed

10、with NVIS goggles to provide the desired information. This is referred to as a signalling function.These include formation-keeping, anticollision, and rendezvous light functions.SAE INTERNATIONAL ARP4392 Page 2 of 8 1.1.2 Category II: Category II lights include floodlights, fuel probe inspection, re

11、fueling, landing, and searchlight functions. These lights will usually produce no visible light but will emit energy in a range greater than 780 nm. The reduction or elimination of energy less than 780 nm is usually required to maintain covertness.1.2 Product Classification:1.2.1 Controllable Search

12、light: A spotlight or floodlight used primarily in helicopter application for illumination of ground terrain or objects in both hover and low speed ground inspection maneuvers. This light is usually controllable both in elevation and azimuth.1.2.2 Landing Light: A narrow beam light used during takeo

13、ff and landing to illuminate the surface of the runway or landing area. Landing lights may either be fixed or retractable.1.2.3 Hover Lights: A floodlight which is installed in the bottom surface of the aircraft with hovering capabilities (primarily helicopters). The light or lights are used to floo

14、dlight the area beneath the aircraft from low altitude.1.2.4 Formation Lights: Lights installed on the fuselage, vertical stabilizer, and wing tips to provide information to the pilots of other aircraft required for formation-keeping. Electroluminescent strips are commonly used in this application.

15、Since these lights are viewed from relatively short ranges, surface luminance is as important as radiant intensity.1.2.5 Refueling Probe Light: A floodlight which is installed in the forward portion of the aircraft near the fuel probe on a receiver aircraft of a probe/drogue type refueling system (R

16、eference ARP694). This will provide sufficient intensity to illuminate the probe tip and the immediate area so the receiver pilot can determine the position of the probe and drogue.1.2.6 Rendezvous Lights: A light which provides recognition of an aircrafts location at some distance from the NVIS use

17、r. Typically, in an NVIS mode a rendezvous maneuver is performed without radio contact and the primary concern is to provide a recognizable signal while maintaining covertness. Flashing or pulsating signals are common for this application which increases the ease of detection.1.2.7 Anticollision Lig

18、hts: Lights which are installed on aircraft for the purpose of providing recognition of an aircrafts location at some distance from the NVIS user. They typically are designed to maintain covertness while providing useful energy in the NVIS response range. Flashing or pulsating signals are common for

19、 this application which increases the ease of detection.SAE INTERNATIONAL ARP4392 Page 3 of 8 2. REFERENCES:2.1 Applicable Documents:The following publications form a part of this specification to the extent specified herein. The latest issue of SAE publications shall apply. The applicable issue of

20、other documents shall be the issue in effect on the date of the purchase order.2.1.1 SAE Publications: Available from SAE, 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA 15096-0001.ARP693B Landing and Taxiing Lights - Design Criteria for InstallationARP694A Aerial Refueling Lights - Design CriteriaAS8017A M

21、inimum Performance Standards for Anticollision Light SystemsAIR1106A Some Factors Affecting Visibility of Aircraft Navigation and Anticollision Lights2.1.2 U.S. Government Publications: Available from Standardization Documents Order Desk, Building 4D, 700 Robbins Avenue, Philadelphia, PA 19111-5094.

22、MIL-L-006730C Lighting Equipment, Exterior AircraftMIL-L-6503H Lighting Equipment, AircraftMIL-L-85762A Lighting, Aircraft, Interior, Night Vision Imaging System (NVIS) Compatible2.2 Definitions:2.2.1 NIGHT VISION IMAGING SYSTEM (NVIS): A system which uses image intensifier tubes to provide an enhan

23、ced image of a scene in visible lighting conditions too low for normal visibility. This may be on the order of the lighting level produced on a dark starlit night. This system is also referred to as NVIS goggles.2.2.2 NVIS COMPATIBLE EXTERIOR LIGHTING: Lighting compatibility with NVIS optics is achi

24、eved when the level of radiance incident on the NVIS from either the signal source or the reflected energy from the light source is sufficient to produce the information desired on the NVIS screen but not great enough to cause significant reduction in gain of the NVIS image intensifier and loss of i

25、mage contrast.2.2.3 COVERT LIGHTING: A light source with the relative absence of energy in the visible range (380 to 780 nm) usually designed for NVIS usage with a high concentration of energy in the near infrared region (wavelengths greater than 780 nm).2.2.4 LIGHT SOURCE: Light sources utilized fo

26、r exterior compatible lighting may be incandescent, electroluminescent, or infrared light-emitting diodes (IRLED). Incandescent sources are normally filtered such that energy in the visible spectrum is not emitted.SAE INTERNATIONAL ARP4392 Page 4 of 8 2.2.5 NVIS RADIANT INTENSITY: The amount of ener

27、gy emitted by an NVIS light source that is visible with NVIS. NVIS radiant intensity is defined as the integral of the curve generated by multiplying spectral radiant intensity of the light source by the relative spectral response of NVIS as defined in MIL-L-85762A.2.2.6 RELATIVE RESPONSE OF NVIS: T

28、he response of NVIS is in the spectral region between 450 and 930 nm. Actual sensitivity can be found in Tables VI and VII of MIL-L-85762A.3. TECHNICAL REQUIREMENTS:3.1 General Provisions:3.1.1 Installation: The units should be designed and installed with consideration given to the type of maneuvers

29、, the location of the NVIS user with respect to the source, and the amount of radiant intensity required.3.1.2 Dual Mode: It is recommended for those light assemblies which are required to maintain both visible lighting functions and radiant energy for NVIS mode, that the light assembly have dual ca

30、pability. If space or other restrictions prohibit the use of dual mode light assemblies, then provisions should be made to use separate units for each mode. It is recommended that special arrangements be made to preclude the use of the visible source in maneuvers which require NVIS use. Visible ligh

31、ting will produce energy in the more responsive bandwidth of NVIS optic which usually results in NVIS resolution distortion or reduction of NVIS gain. An alternate approach is the use of visible energy in the nonresponsive range of NVIS (wavelengths less than 600 nm) (i.e., BLUE-GREEN FILTERS). This

32、 approach would satisfy the requirement for both visible and NVIS modes of operation. However, during visible mode of operation as filtering of white light occurs, a significant portion of the emitted energy is absorbed by the filter and results in significant loss of emitted energy. Likewise, durin

33、g NVIS mode of operation, the energy emitted by those designs with blue-green filters is in the nonresponsive wavelengths of NVIS and very little brightness gain through the optics of NVIS can be expected.3.1.3 Visible Source Energy: For those light assemblies which require visible and NVIS visible

34、lighting, the following documents provide the recommended intensity and distribution values:a. MIL-L-006730C - Lighting Equipment, Exterior Aircraftb. MIL-L-6503H - Lighting Equipment, AircraftReduction of visible requirements must be considered when the packaging size is maintained for existing ins

35、tallations.SAE INTERNATIONAL ARP4392 Page 5 of 8 3.1.4 Dimming: There are several factors which affect the amount of energy which is received by NVIS. The most significant factor is the amount of NVIS sensitive energy which is emitted by the NVIS light source. However, there are other factors which

36、the designer of the lighting system has no control of and which greatly affects the NVIS scene resolution.For searchlights, landing lights, refueling probe lights, and similar type lighting, one of the foremost variables is the amount of reflected energy which is received with NVIS. Reflected energy

37、 is dependent upon the reflectance of the objects in the scene and the distance that these objects are from NVIS and the light source. In a constantly changing environment due to different mission scenarios the distances between objects, NVIS, and light source and the variations in reflected energy

38、from the objects in the scene contribute to fluctuations in the amount of energy received by NVIS. Other significant conditions which affect the amount of NVIS energy which is received are the amount of ambient light from other sources (i.e., moonlight, starlight, etc.) and the transmissivity of the

39、 atmosphere (Reference AIR1106A).Due to the above, the NVIS compatible light sources should contain dimming provisions at the NVIS user location. This permits the greatest control of the scene contrast and maximizes visibility.3.1.5 NVIS Radiant Intensity: The amount of energy emitted by a source wi

40、th point source radiant intensity that is visible with NVIS is best evaluated by considering the spectral energy distribution of the source and the relative response of NVIS. Spectral radiant intensity of the source shall be measured with spectroradiometer in accordance with MIL-L-85762A and the rel

41、ative NVIS response of that document. NVIS radiant intensity is determined from Equation 1:(Eq. 1)where:G() = Relative spectral response to NVIS1N() = Spectral radiant intensity of the light source (watt/steradian nanometer)d = Wavelength increment (10 nm max)1. As defined in MIL-L-85762A for Class

42、B NVIS.NVIS Radiant Intensity (NRI) G () N() d450930=SAE INTERNATIONAL ARP4392 Page 6 of 8 3.1.6 NVIS Radiance: The amount of energy emitted by a source with surface area radiance is best evaluated by considering the spectral energy distribution of the source and the relative response of NVIS. Spect

43、ral radiance of the source shall be measured with a spectroradiometer in accordance with MIL-L-85762A and the relative NVIS response of that document. NVIS radiance is determined from Equation 2:(Eq. 2)where:G() = Relative spectral response to NVIS2N3() = Spectral radiance of the light source (watts

44、/CM2.Sr.nanometer)d = Wavelength increment (10 nm max)3.2 Specific Design Provisions:3.2.1 Controllable Searchlights/Hover Lights:3.2.1.1 Installation: Controllable searchlights and/or hover lights shall be installed on the under portion of the aircraft as defined in MIL-L-6503H and MIL-L-006730C.3.

45、2.1.2 NVIS Radiant Intensity: The minimum NVIS radiant intensity for the search/hover lights when operated at nominal voltage shall be 2.0 NRI.3.2.1.3 Distribution: The distribution pattern (beam spread) for the search/hover lights shall be a minimum of 15 in both the horizontal and vertical planes

46、(measured between the points of 10% of the required minimum peak).3.2.1.4 Covertness: For those maneuvers which require limited energy emittance, the maximum emitted light intensity of the search/hover lights shall be 1.0 cd. This emittance shall not be exceeded at any distribution angle.3.2.2 Landi

47、ng Lights3.2.2.1 Installation: Installation for landing lights shall be located as far outboard from the aircraft centerline as possible. Aiming points of the beam centerlines shall be as described in MIL-L-6503H, MIL-L-006730C, or ARP693B. Special care should be taken to eliminate the possibility o

48、f exposing the NVIS user to direct or reflected energy from the landing light source. This exposure will usually result in loss of image contrast as described in 2.2.2.3.2.2.2 NVIS Radiant Intensity: The minimum NVIS radiant intensity for landing lights shall be 290 NRI.2. As defined in MIL-L-85762A

49、 for Class B NVIS.NVIS Radiance (NR) G () N() d450930=SAE INTERNATIONAL ARP4392 Page 7 of 8 3.2.2.3 Distribution: The minimum distribution pattern (beam spread) for landing lights shall be 11 horizontal and 8 vertical (measured between the points at 10% of the required minimum peak).3.2.2.4 Covertness: For those maneuvers which require limited visible energy emittance the maximum emitted light intensity of th