SAE AIR 6246-2015 Landing Gear (Engine Off) Taxi System.pdf

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1、_SAE Technical Standards Board Rules provide that: “This report is published by SAE to advance the state of technical and engineering sciences. The use of this report is entirely voluntary, and its applicability and suitability for any particular use, including any patent infringement arising theref

2、rom, is the sole responsibility of the user.”SAE reviews each technical report at least every five years at which time it may be revised, reaffirmed, stabilized, or cancelled. SAE invites your written comments and suggestions.Copyright 2015 SAE InternationalAll rights reserved. No part of this publi

3、cation may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of SAE.TO PLACE A DOCUMENT ORDER: Tel: 877-606-7323 (inside USA and Canada)Tel: +1 724-776-4970 (out

4、side USA)Fax: 724-776-0790Email: CustomerServicesae.orgSAE WEB ADDRESS: http:/www.sae.orgSAE values your input. To provide feedbackon this Technical Report, please visithttp:/www.sae.org/technical/standards/AIR6246AEROSPACEINFORMATION REPORTAIR6246Issued 2015-12Landing Gear (Engine Off) Taxi SystemR

5、ATIONALEThis SAE Aerospace Information Report (AIR) will review, summarize, and discuss challenges facing the new powered landing gear taxi technology currently being developed by various companies and identify the regulations affected and safe failure modes. The report will identify if the existing

6、 airworthiness regulations adequately cover the new technology. TABLE OF CONTENTS1. SCOPE 4 2. REFERENCES 4 2.1 Applicable Documents 4 2.2 Definitions . 4 2.3 Websites References 6 2.4 SAE Papers. 6 2.5 Related Presentations. 6 3. PATENTS 7 4. EVOLUTION OF AIRCRAFT TAXI TOWING SYSTEMS . 7 5. LANDING

7、 GEAR TAXI SYSTEMS ADVANTAGES/BUSINESS MODEL. 8 5.1 Airplane Taxiing Time . 9 5.2 Pollution 10 5.3 Foreign Object Damage (FOD) During Taxi . 10 5.4 Operational Towing. 11 5.5 Taxi Speeds and Accelerations 11 6. DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS. 12 6.1 Design Criteria Objectives. 12 6.2 Taxiway Friction and Rol

8、ling Resistance 14 6.3 Taxiway Conditions . 15 6.4 Nose Gear Geometry 15 6.5 Wheel Mass and Inertia Concerns 16 7. CONCEPTS BEING DEVELOPED. 17 7.1 Nose Wheel Traction Concept - WheelTug 18 7.2 Nose Wheel Traction Concept - DLRs A320 ATRA. 28 7.3 Main Wheel Traction Concept - SAFRAN/HONEYWELL EGTS 2

9、9 7.4 Main Wheel Traction Concept - Lufthansa Technik/L-3 E-Taxiing System 40 7.5 Pilot Controlled Towbarless Towing Vehicle - IAI/TLD TaxiBot System. 42 SAE INTERNATIONAL AIR6246 Page 2 of 658. REGULATIONS 54 9. AIRCRAFT SYSTEMS AFFECTED 57 10. LANDING GEAR SYSTEM COMPONENTS AFFECTED 58 11. FAILURE

10、 MODE CONSIDERATIONS 59 12. RISK CONSIDERATIONS 60 13. NOTES 61 13.1 Revision Indicator 61 APPENDIX A 62 FIGURE 1 TAXI-OUT TIMES (MINUTES) BY HOUR AT NEW YORK KENNEDY (JUNE 24, 2007) (SOURCE: TAXIBOT SAE PRESENTATION) 9 FIGURE 2 TAXI-OUT TIMES (MINUTES) AS % OF FLIGHTS IN U.S. (SOURCE: TAXIBOT SAE P

11、RESENTATION) 10 FIGURE 3 LOCATION OF FOD CAUSING DAMAGE TO AIRCRAFT (SOURCE: TAXIBOT SAE PRESENTATION) 11 FIGURE 4 ACCUMULATIVE RESULTS OF ALL THE 120 TAXIING EVENTS SPEED AND ACCELERATION (SOURCE: SAE TAXIBOT PRESENTATION) . 13 FIGURE 5 IAI TAXIBOT REQUIRED TAXIING PERFORMANCE. 14 FIGURE 6 AIRBUS A

12、320 CASTER ANGLE 16 FIGURE 7 BOEING 737NG CASTER ANGLE. 16 FIGURE 8 WHEELTUG PROOF OF CONCEPT TESTING ON BOEING 767 AIRCRAFT. 18 FIGURE 9 WHEELTUG SYSTEM 18 FIGURE 10 WHEELTUG TORQUE AND TRACTION DATA GATHERING TESTING . 20 FIGURE 11 WHEELTUG CONCEPT SOURCE: WHEELTUG PRESENTATION. 21 FIGURE 12 WHEEL

13、TUG PROTOTYPE COMPONENTS PRODUCED BY GIBB GEAR 2012 (SOURCE: GIBB GEAR E-LIBRARY NEWS ARTICLE WEBSITE). 21 FIGURE 13 WHEELTUG SYSTEM IN PRAGUE IN JUNE 2012 ON A BOEING 737 AIRCRAFT 22 FIGURE 14 WHEELTUG SYSTEM MOTOR AND GEARING SYSTEM PATENT # US 2013/0062466 A1 . 23 FIGURE 15 WHEELTUG SYSTEM MOTOR

14、AND GEARING SYSTEM PATENT # US 2013/0062466 A1 . 24 FIGURE 16 WHEELTUG CONTROL SYSTEM PATENT # US 2012/0217339 A1 . 27 FIGURE 17 DLRS A320 ATRA NOSE WHEEL TAXI SYSTEM 28 FIGURE 18 DLRS A320 ATRA NOSE WHEEL TAXI SYSTEM 29 FIGURE 19 SAFRAN HONEYWELL ELECTRIC GREEN TAXI SYSTEM CONCEPT . 30 FIGURE 20 SA

15、FRAN HONEYWELL ELECTRIC GREEN TAXI SYSTEM AT 2011 PARIS AIRSHOW MOCKUP 30 FIGURE 21 SAFRAN HONEYWELL ELECTRIC GREEN TAXI SYSTEM YOUTUBE VIDEO . 31 FIGURE 22 SAFRAN HONEYWELL ELECTRIC GREEN TAXI SYSTEM 2013 PARIS AIRSHOWDEMONSTRATION. 32 FIGURE 23 SAFRAN HONEYWELL ELECTRIC GREEN TAXI SYSTEM 2013 PARI

16、S AIRSHOWDEMONSTRATION. 32 FIGURE 24 SAFRAN/HONEYWELL ELECTRIC GREEN TAXI SYSTEM PROTOTYPE UNIT FEBRUARY 2012 33 FIGURE 25 SAFRAN HONEYWELL ELECTRIC GREEN TAXI SYSTEM PATENT # US 8,444,086. 34 FIGURE 26 SAFRAN HONEYWELL ELECTRIC GREEN TAXI SYSTEM PATENT # US 8,444,086. 37 FIGURE 27 SAFRAN HONEYWELL

17、ELECTRIC GREEN TAXI SYSTEM 38 FIGURE 28 SAFRAN HONEYWELL ELECTRIC GREEN TAXI SYSTEM 39 FIGURE 29 SAFRAN HONEYWELL EGTS COCKPIT CONTROL . 39 FIGURE 30 E-TAXI SYSTEM PROTOTYPE TESTING DURING DECEMBER 2011. 41 FIGURE 31 E-TAXI SYSTEM PROTOTYPE TESTING DURING DECEMBER 2011. 41 FIGURE 32 LUFTHANSA/L-3 E-

18、TAXI SYSTEM A320-PROTOTYPE UNIT TRIAL AT FRANKFURT 42 FIGURE 33 TAXIBOT VEHICLE 44 FIGURE 34 TAXIBOT VEHICLE PLATFORM SUPPORTS AND ENERGY ABSORPTION. 45 FIGURE 35 2009 PROTOYPE TAXIBOT VEHICLE LOADING/CLAMPING SYSTEM USING PTS-1 ARMS 46 FIGURE 36 2009 PROTOYPE TAXIBOT VEHICLE TEST TRAILER47 FIGURE 3

19、7 IN SERVICE NARROW BODY TAXIBOT VEHICLE 51 FIGURE 38 NARROW BODY TAXIBOT VEHICLE 51 SAE INTERNATIONAL AIR6246 Page 3 of 65FIGURE 39 WIDE BODY TAXIBOT VEHICLE. 52 FIGURE 40 WIDE BODY TAXIBOT VEHICLE. 52 FIGURE 41 TAXIBOT CLAMPING MECHANISM AND ROTATING TURRET STEERING CONTROL 53 TABLE 1 FAA/EASA CER

20、TIFICATION REQUIREMENTS 54 SAE INTERNATIONAL AIR6246 Page 4 of 651. SCOPEThis SAE Aerospace Information Report (AIR) will review new landing gear (engine off) taxi system technologies currently being developed by various companies and describe the basic design concepts and potential benefits and iss

21、ues. This AIR will identify the associated systems that could be affected by this new technology. The document will review basic design and operational requirements, failure modes and identify system certification requirements that may need to be addressed. The technology is evolving as this paper i

22、s being written and the data present is currently up to date as of 2015.2. REFERENCES2.1 Applicable DocumentsThe following publications form a part of this document to the extent specified herein. The latest issue of SAE publications shall apply. The applicable issue of other publications shall be t

23、he issue in effect on the date of the purchase order. In theevent of conflict between the text of this document and references cited herein, the text of this document takes precedence. Nothing in this document, however, supersedes applicable laws and regulations unless a specific exemption has been

24、obtained.ARP1915 Aircraft Tow BarARP4852 Design Specification for Towbarless Push-Back Tow VehiclesARP4853 Design Specification for Towbarless Tow VehiclesARP5283 Nose Gear Towbarless Tow Vehicle Basic Test RequirementsARP5284 TLTV - Aircraft NLG Steering and Tractive Force Protection Systems or Ale

25、rting Devices - Inspection, Maintenance and Calibration RequirementsARP5285 Towbarless Towing Vehicle Operating ProcedureARP5911 Regional Aircraft Towbarless Tow Vehicle - Test RequirementsARP5916 Design Specification for Regional Aircraft Towbarless Tow Vehicle for Pushback and/or Maintenance Towin

26、g OperationsTaxiBot presented their taxi system to the SAE A-5 committee during the SAE A-5 symposium held in Seville, Spain on April 12, 2011. The TaxiBot presentation is available on the SAE A-5 website to A-5 members.WheelTug gave a presentation at the SAE A-5 Toronto Meeting Towbarless Towing Pa

27、nel on May 2, 2007 describing their system. Their presentation is available on the SAE A-5 website to A-5 members.2.2 DefinitionsACI - Airports Council InternationalAPU - Auxiliary Power UnitATRA - Advanced Technology Research AircraftCBT - Computer-Based training CG - Center of GravitySAE INTERNATI

28、ONAL AIR6246 Page 5 of 65DISPATCH (OPERATIONAL) TOWING - Towing a revenue aircraft (loaded with passengers, fuel, and cargo from the terminal gate/remote parking area, to a location near the active runway. The movement may cover several kilometers with speeds up to 20 mph (32 km/h), with several sta

29、rts, stops and turns. Replaces typical taxiing operations prior to takeoff andmay impose additional fatigue loading on nose landing gear and structure due to numerous starts, stops and turns.EICAS - Engine Indicating and Crew-Alerting SystemEGTS - Electric Green Taxi SystemFOD - Foreign Object Damag

30、eFRA - Frankfurt am Main International airportGPS - Ground Positioning SystemGNT - Green TaxiHKG - Hong Kong International airportIAI - Israel Aerospace IndustriesIATA - International Air Transport AssociationJFK - John F Kennedy International airportLAX - Los Angeles International airportLGTS - Lan

31、ding Gear Taxi System LHR - London Heathrow airportMAINTENANCE TOWING - The movement of an airplane for maintenance/remote parking purposes (e.g., from the gate to a maintenance hangar). Aircraft is typically unloaded with minimal fuel load.MBD - Messier-Bugatti-DowtyMEL - Minimum Equipment ListMLG

32、- Main landing gear NB - Narrow BodyNLG - Nose landing gearPUSHBACK - Moving a fully loaded aircraft (up to Maximum Ramp Weight (MRW) from the parking position to the taxiway. Movement includes: pushback with turn, a stop, and short tow forward to align aircraft and nose wheels. Engines may or may n

33、ot be operating. Airplane movement is similar to a conventional pushback operation with a towbar.ROI - Return on investimentSAE AGE-2 - SAE Ground Support Equipment CommitteeSTC - Supplemental Type Certificate is an FAA approved major modification or repair to an existing certified aircraftTLD - Tis

34、smtal Lionel-Dupont maker of the TaxiBot vehicleTLTV - Towbarless Towing VehicleSAE INTERNATIONAL AIR6246 Page 6 of 65TPIS - Tire Pressure Indication SystemTPMS - Tire Pressure Monitor SystemWB - Wide BodyZRH - Zrich airport2.3 Websites ReferencesThe following websites were used to collect some of t

35、he information found in this report.x Safran Electric Green Taxi System: http:/ Honeywell Green Taxi: http:/ TaxiBot: http:/www.taxibot- WheelTug: http:/www.wheeltug.gi/x Gibb Gear on line news article http:/www.e-lib.co.uk/profiles/forms/?id=18x Lufthanza E-Taxi: http:/www.lufthansa- L3 Magnet Moto

36、r: http:/www.magnet-motor.de/index.php?id=3&l=1&L=1x Crane Hydro-aire: http:/ SAE PapersThe following SAE papers provide relevant reference material:Hainline, B., Sellereite, B., and Swanke, K., “Powered Wheels - A Concept for Parking and Taxiing of Commercial Transport Airplanes,“ SAE Technical Pap

37、er 710446, 1971, doi:10.4271/710446.Waterman, A., “Energy Conservation Via Airplane Powered Wheels,“ SAE Technical Paper 751177, 1975, doi:10.4271/751177.Long, M., “Powered Wheels for Aircraft,“ SAE Technical Paper 760521, 1976, doi:10.4271/760521.2.5 Related PresentationsThe following presentations

38、 provide relevant reference material:x ACI Europe Green Taxiing Workshop, March 9, 2015 (see SAE A-5 website)o 201503 - ACI Europe workshop - FINAL_egtso ACIGreentaxiWS_WheelTug o IATA Aircraft Taxiing Systems Conference Final V08_EASA o TaxiBot - ACI presentationSAE INTERNATIONAL AIR6246 Page 7 of

39、65x IATA Aircraft Taxiing Systems Conference, Februrary 3-4, 2015 Gables, Miami (see SAE A-5 website)o 2015-atsc-programo Alternative Taxi Considerations David_Paisleyo Benefits and first impressions of the in-service evaluation Taxibot Peter_Ungero DERIVING BENEFITS FROM ALTERNATIVE AIRCRAFT-TAXI S

40、YSTEMS Cadmus_Day1o EGTS_Day1o EGTS Jens_Berlinsono E-TAXI win-win for airlines and airports Libor_Kurzweilo IATA_Taxi_Systems_Deltao Impediments to Alternative Aircraft Taxi Systems Paul_Sichko Metropolitan Airports Como Pilot- Controlled Aircraft taxiing System Bernhard_Weiss Taxiboto TaxiBot_Day1

41、o TaxiBot_Panel_33. PATENTSAppendix A contains a list of published patents that closely relate to the LGTS technology.4. EVOLUTION OF AIRCRAFT TAXI TOWING SYSTEMSTraditionally aircraft have been towed using a tow vehicle equipped with a tow bar attached to the nose gear. These towbars usually connec

42、t to a pin or lug or axles of the nose landing gear. The tow vehicle and towbar can exert excessive forces and torques into the nose gear and airframe. To protect the aircraft, the towbar usually incorporates a shear pin device, which shears when traction/braking or turning torques exceed design lim

43、it load levels. The towbars are designed by ARP1915. The document is maintained by SAE AGE-2.In the 1980s towbarless towing vehicles were introduced first in Europe. As various companies embraced the new technology the use spread to North America in the 1990s. The towbarless vehicle are equipped wit

44、h a nose wheel/tire capture mechanism that cradles and lifts the nose gear off the ground to enable towing of the aircraft. The motivation came from limiting personnel involved in towbar activities and towbar connection injuries, and eliminating multiple types of tow bars. It also introduced the pos

45、sibility of performing dispatch towing to the runway at high speed with the airplane engines off. However this has not become a standard practice due to logistical issues. The towbarless towing vehicles were designed to allow towing various different aircraft using one vehicle. Typically wheel restr

46、aining devices capture the specific nose gear tire/wheel assemblies and determine the correct traction/braking/torque fuse settings to safely tow the aircraft.SAE AGE-2 developed various ARPs to be able to provide some guidance to the industry on key design features and critical testing of the vehic

47、les safety systems to prevent damage to the landing gear or aircraft. The issued ARPs include ARP4852, ARP4853, ARP5283, ARP5284, ARP5285, ARP5911, and ARP5916.SAE INTERNATIONAL AIR6246 Page 8 of 65In the early 2000s various companies started working on the next evolution of taxi systems. These can

48、be classified as:x Pilot controlled towbarless towing vehiclesx Landing gear taxi system (LGTS)o Nose gear wheel mounted o Main gear wheel mountedThis document will review the basic three systems but will focus on the landing gear mounted taxi systems.With the movement to more electric aircraft various companies started to look at landing gear mounted taxi towing systems as a means to move an aircraft