1、NEMA Standards PublicationNational Electrical Manufacturers AssociationNEMA EWS 1.4-2016Literature ReviewNATIONAL ELECTRICAL MANUFACTURERS ASSOCIATIONAdvancing Energy Efficiency in Urban Water Supply SystemsFebraury 29, 2016Literature ReviewThis literature review is part of the National Electrical M
2、anufacturers Associations (NEMA) Increasing Energy Efficiency in Urban Water Supply Systems Initiative. NEMA selected GEI Consultants Inc. and its partners to support their strategic initiative on the energy-water nexus. NEMAs initiative encompasses the following goals:1) Collect data to quantify th
3、e effectiveness and efficiency of equipment in facilities representative of the U.S. urban water supplys delivery and treatment systems2) Analyze the market potential to improve effectiveness of water supply, delivery, and treatment systems using NEMA member products (including HVAC and lighting)3)
4、Evaluate the viability of energy savings performance contract practices, other financing mechanisms, and government grants to finance modernization upgradesAs a fundemental component of first goal listed above (goal 1), GEI applied the following method to review readily available literature, gather
5、pertinent facts, and compile this information contained within this document. Using goal 1 to set the scope of literature considered, the project team1) identified key search terms and applied them to standard search internet engines;2) considered documents that were in English, readily available on
6、 the internet at no cost;3) revisited terms and periodically refined and updated terms;4) critically reviewed and analyzed materials to determine relevance to the defined goal (i.e., determined the focus of the documents, scope of the study or analysis, and findings or results); and5) compiled the r
7、esults in this Excel spreadsheet.The results of this literature review supported the analyses conducted as part of goals 2 and 3, discussed fully in the project report, Advancing Energy Efficiency in Urban Water Supply Systems, dated February 2016.For more information contact Lorraine White, Project
8、 Manager, GEI Consultants Inc., at 916.631.4540 or GEI Project # 1512760, February 2016NATIONAL ELECTRICAL MANUFACTURERS ASSOCIATIONAdvancing Energy Efficiency in Urban Water Supply Systems LITERATURE REVIEWMarch 29, 2016Author Organization Date Subject Area of Study Summary/Key Points LinkEric Meli
9、ton Frost performance analysisNational A Manual for the Economic Evaluation of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy Technologies provides guidance on economic evaluation approaches, metrics, and levels of detail required, while offering a consistent basis on which analysts can perform analyses usi
10、ng standard assumptions and bases. It not only provides information on the primary economic measures used in economic analyses and the fundamentals of finance but also provides guidance focused on the special considerations required in the economic evaluation of energy efficiency and renewable energ
11、y systems.www.nrel.gov/docs/legosti/old/5173.pdf2NATIONAL ELECTRICAL MANUFACTURERS ASSOCIATIONAdvancing Energy Efficiency in Urban Water Supply Systems LITERATURE REVIEWMarch 29, 2016Author Organization Date Subject Area of Study Summary/Key Points LinkRachel Young ACEEE, National Association of Wat
12、er Companies (NAWC)Jun. 2015 Energy for Water, Energy Intensity, Water ManagementNational As part of the Commercial Building Initiative, a survey conducted for NAWCs member companies related to their energy use and water processing. Findings: The water companies surveyed have energy intensity (avg.
13、2,300 kWh/MG) similar to those seen in previous ACEEE research. The distance water travels in the system, the water source, and the size of the water utility all impact the energy intensity of the water system. 9 out of 11 participating utilities have instituted leak-detection efforts in the past th
14、ree years and 5 out of 11 offer water conservation programs of some sort to their customers. 3 partner with an energy utility, including 1 water utility with a joint program for end-use customers.http:/aceee.org/sites/default/files/water-company-energy-use.pdfLorraine White, Kathleen Ave, Rob Swartz
15、, Amy TalbotSMUD Apr. 2015 AB 32, Water-Energy Nexus, Greenhouse Gas, Conservation, Efficiency, Renewable EnergyLocal (Sacramento)A project that examined the water systems in the Sacramento Region to assess opportunities to reduce greenhouse gas emissions for the Sacramento Municipal Utility Distric
16、t. Readily available data and agency information was analyzed to determine energy intensities, load profiles and other baseline energy data for water systems in the Sacramento Region. The energy intensity of the regions water supply is approximately 281 kWh/ML (1,062 kWh/MG) and for individual agenc
17、ies range from 82 - 628 kWh/ML (312 - 2,379 kWh/MG), notably higher than previously calculated. Groundwater or sources that require water treatment tend to have higher energy intensities, mostly the result of well pumping-related energy demand or treatment technologies used. Peak water demand occurs
18、 during the summer, coinciding with peak energy demands in the region. To meet summer peak demand, pumping and diversions increase significantly, driving the energy intensity of the regions water systems higher during this time period. There are numerous opportunities to increase water and energy ef
19、ficiency in the region lower associated GHGs. Available upon request of authors.Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, PECIU.S. Department of EnergySept. 2011 Performance Improvements for Large Existing Office BuildingsNational A typical office building can cut energy use by up to 25% by implementin
20、g no and low cost measures and over 45% (including 25% EBCx savings) by pursuing deeper retrofit measures presented in this guide. The impact of such projects will be felt in the form of reduced operating costs, improved occupant comfort, and other related benefits.http:/apps1.eere.energy.gov/tribal
21、energy/pdfs/doe_eere_aerg_office_buildings.pdf3NATIONAL ELECTRICAL MANUFACTURERS ASSOCIATIONAdvancing Energy Efficiency in Urban Water Supply Systems LITERATURE REVIEWMarch 29, 2016Author Organization Date Subject Area of Study Summary/Key Points LinkDonald Gilligan National Association of Energy Se
22、rvice Companies (NAESCO)Sept. 9, 2014ESCO, energy efficiencyNational This presentation discussed the following key points regarding ESCOs: 1. ESCO Market Drivers are the Federal Government programs and MUSH Market; 2. Cumulative results include $50 B in guaranteed and verified savings and $30 B of p
23、ublic facility improvements; and 3. significant economic potential existing for ESCOs and is estimated in the several tens of billionsWhat ESCOs need from the States: estimates of the value of GHG reductions streamlined, transparent state rulemaking that separate ratepayer and utility stockholder in
24、terests national or regional standards on key issueshttp:/annualmeeting2014.naseo.org/Data/Sites/4/media/presentations/Gilligan-Don.pdfHung-Wen Lin, GELTianzhen HongACEEE (American Council for an Energy Efficiency Economy2012 Space Heating in Small and Large Size Office BuildingsNational The most in
25、fluencing parameters are space heating temperature setpoint and setback strategies, air infiltration, VAV terminal box damper minimum position settings for the large office, window type, window-wall-ratio, and internal loads. The relative impacts of these parameters vary with building type and clima
26、te. Good operation practice can save more heating energy than higher design efficiency level of an office building. The simulated space heating energy use varies greatly and depends upon building types, configurations, and climates, especially a few key influencing building design and operation para
27、meters. High efficient designs and better operation of buildings can both reduce space heating energy use, but the latter plays a more important role. Improving building operations through commissioning and retrofits is an effective way to save space heating energy use for existing buildings. Using
28、energy efficient appliances, installing energy management system, educating and training occupants are also excellent methods to save energy.http:/aceee.org/files/proceedings/2012/data/papers/0193-000068.pdf4NATIONAL ELECTRICAL MANUFACTURERS ASSOCIATIONAdvancing Energy Efficiency in Urban Water Supp
29、ly Systems LITERATURE REVIEWMarch 29, 2016Author Organization Date Subject Area of Study Summary/Key Points LinkVanessa Leiby Water Research Foundation2011 Water treatment, water distribution, energy savings, ozonation optimization, demand management system (DMS), variable frequency drives (VFDs), c
30、omputerized air handling systemRegional (Michigan)AAWTS is in the early stages of realizing how to conserve energy and lower energy costs. As it continues to implement energy savings strategies, it will continue to develop metrics to document the savings achieved. Currently, AAWTS is focusing attent
31、ion on attainable goals to lessen the cost for purchasing power. Operating ozonation disinfection system under the depressed water pH conditions has reduced ozone generation energy costs. Demand Management System allowed AAWTS to switch to off-peak hour pumping which allowed AAWTS to buy power at a
32、lower rate by avoiding on-peak surcharges. Capital investment for VFDs and multiple pumps and motors can belarger than single speed motors, payback time on the investment can be about 5 years, significantly less than the useful life of the pump and motor. AAWTS installed a computer system to control
33、 the operation of the heating, ventilation, and air conditioning system.http:/www.waterrf.org/resources/Lists/PublicCaseStudiesList/Attachments/12/Case_Study_Ann_Arbor.pdfOak Ridge National LaboratoryU.S. Department of EnergyFeb. 29, 2012Climate Change, Infrastructure, Vulnerability, Water, Wastewat
34、er, Efficiemcy, AdaptationNational This technical report summarizes existing knowledge regarding infrastructure vulnerability to climate change and methods to address risks. Its assessment findings include recognition that cross sectoral management of resources and systems has not received much atte
35、ntion, but must in the future in order to address impacts of disruption to these systems. A key finding is that to reduce future risk, actions must go beyond common practice and may require transformative change.http:/www.esd.ornl.gov/eess/Infrastructure.pdfCynthia Lane AWWA Sept. 2009 Energy for Wa
36、ter, Drinking Water Supply, Water Conservation, Water Management, Green Building, Smart GrowthNational Water and wastewater utilities spend about $4 billion a year to pump, treat, deliver, collect, treat and clean water. For drinking water utilities, electricity consumption by pumping systems consti
37、tutes 90% of total energy use. Energy consumption by water and wastewater utilities will increase 20% in the next 15 years. Study looked at annual O(2) The FPD has the capability to create discharge pressure higher than the pressure of the working (steam) and injected (cold water) streams, thus oper
38、ating as a pump; (3) The discharge pressure is increasing with the higher water temperature rise in the FPD; (4) The FPD reliably operates as an indirect contact heater in a domestic hot water (DHW) system resulting in reduction of steam consumption by 14.7% in comparison with the conventional DHW s
39、ystem.http:/www.nyserda.ny.gov/About/Publications/EA-Reports-and-Studies/Other-Technical-Reports6NATIONAL ELECTRICAL MANUFACTURERS ASSOCIATIONAdvancing Energy Efficiency in Urban Water Supply Systems LITERATURE REVIEWMarch 29, 2016Author Organization Date Subject Area of Study Summary/Key Points Lin
40、kEthan A. Rogers ACEEE 2015 Extended Motor Products, Pumps, EfficiencyNational The task of developing a performance metric for extended products has proven to be more complex and challenging than for driven products. As a result, the fan and pump working groups are considering developing a device ef
41、ficiency metric first, before taking on a wire-to-air or wire-to-water metric that would capture the performance of an extended product. Since the goal of the initiative is to develop models for efficiency programs, initial program proposals may be built around the simpler metric and an assumed exte
42、nded product. The initiative is on track based on the respective comparative metrics. The participating efficiency programs have indicated a desire to pilot one or more of the program models before the end of 2015. If successful, within the next few years several efficiency programs around the count
43、ry will deploy new prescriptive rebate programs with deemed savings for common industrial and commercial fan, pump, and compressor products. These programs will accelerate the adoption rate of more efficient integrated products and bring about savings in the quadrillions of BTUs over the next ten ye
44、ars.http:/aceee.org/files/proceedings/2014/data/papers/3-401.pdfU.S. EPA 2004 Public Water Systems, Water Treatment, Flocculation, Sedimentation, Filtration, Ion Exchange, Absorption, DisinfectionNational This publication described public drinking water systems and the treatment levels required: All
45、 public water systems must have at least 15 service connections or serve at least 25 people per day for 60 days of the year. Drinking water standards apply to water systems differently based on their type and size. Shows water treatment process, types of treatment, monitoring, and distribution to cu
46、stomers. Types of treatment include: flocculation/sedimentation, filtration, ion exchange, adsorption, disinfectionhttp:/nepis.epa.gov/Exe/ZyNET.exe/20001R7X.TXT?ZyActionD=ZyDocument distributing potable water over wide areas, asset condition, and pipe leakage; treatment of sewage by aeration; and p
47、umping raw and treated effluents. A customers utility bill may be further impacted by where he is living: the real costs of services in areas of high population concentration with severe resource and disposal constraints will be increasingly higher. http:/ C. Cantwell, P.E.William R. KingRobert T. L
48、orand, P.E.Science Applications International CorporationRobert C. Ganley, P.E.Nathyn M. Knipe, P.E.David I. PageOBrien these comparisons were normalized, so that factors such as specific plant configurations or loading were removed.Water utilities are often characterized by water source: ground, su
49、rface, or purchased but little information exists regarding the distribution systems. The wastewater treatment plant model relates energy consumption to: average influent flow, influent BOD, effluent BOD, ratio of average influent flow to design influent flow, use of trickle infiltration, and nutrient removal. Other parameters that correlated to energy use are: on-site electricity generation, sludge incineration/la
