1、英语专业语言学（综合）模拟试卷 7 及答案与解析一、简答题1 Distinguish between synchronic and diachronic linguistics.2 A wolf is able to express subtle gradations of emotion by different positions of the ears, the lips, and the tail. There are eleven postures of the tail that express such emotions as self-confidence, Confident
2、 threat, lack of tension, uncertain threat, depression, defensiveness, active submission, and complete submission. This system seems to be complex. Suppose there were a thousand different emotions that the wolf could express in this way. Would you then say a wolf had a language similar to mans? If n
3、ot, why not?3 What is the test most often used for determining phonemes in a language? Illustrate how the test works with examples.4 Whats the difference between an open and a closed syllable?4 For each group of sounds listed below, state the phonetic feature or features which they share. Example; p
4、 b m Feature; bilabial, stop, consonant5 gptdkb6 uu: 6 Name the single feature that distinguishes the following pairs of sounds.7 : 8 p : f9 I : e10 b : m11 s : 12 s : 12 The following sets of minimal pairs show that English p and b contrast in initial, medial and final positions.Initial Medial Fina
5、lpit/bit rapid/rabid cap/cabFind similar sets of minimal pairs for each pair of consonants given;13 k-g14 m-n15 b-v16 b-m17 P-f17 The English data below provide examples of stress placement on certain verbs. ABCappear adapt astonishcollide collapse considererase elect imaginecarouse observe determin
6、ecorrode torment promise18 Describe in words the stress placement on these verbs. Make sure you refer to syllable structure in your statement.19 Provide syllable representations of the words collide, elect, and consider in order to illustrate your conctusion about stress placement in these forms.20
7、Which of the following forms are possible words of English?mboodcoofp(3)sprokeworpzfrailktleemflukebsarn21 Consider the following words and finish two tasks:For each word, determine whether it is simple or compound.Circle all of the bound morphemes. Underline all of the roots, fly reuse spiteful pre
8、plandesks triumphed suite optionalityuntie delight fastest prettiertree justly deform mistreatdislike payment disobey premature英语专业语言学（综合）模拟试卷 7 答案与解析一、简答题1 【正确答案】 Language can be studied at a given point in time or over time. When we study language at one particular time, it is called synchronic li
9、nguistics. When we study language developments through time, it is called diachronic linguistics. Synchronic linguistics focuses on the state of language at any point on history while diachronic linguistics focuses on the differences in two or more than two states of language over decades or centuri
10、es.【知识模块】 简答题2 【正确答案】 No, we can not say a wolf has a language similar to that of men even though there were a thousand different emotions that the wolf could express with his positions of body parts. There are two reasons for that;First, language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used only for
11、 human communication. The primary medium for human communication is sound, so the kind of communication system composed by positions of body parts are different from human language fundamentally.Second, language has design features which are lack in animals communication systems. For example, langua
12、ge has two levels of structures; at one level are elements which have no meaning in themselves but which combine to form units at another level which do have meaning. But in wolfs communication system, one position stands for one certain meaning, and cannot be further analyzed into smaller units. An
13、d on the other hand, human linguistic units can be grouped and regrouped, arranged and rearranged according to certain rules but those positions owned by wolf have no such features. Therefore, wolfs this system is not so productive as human languages.【知识模块】 简答题3 【正确答案】 The minimal pair test or subst
14、itution test is the first rule of thumb to determine the phonemes of any language, that is, to see whether substituting one sound for another result in a different word. If it does, the two sounds represent different phonemes. For example, we see from the contrast between fine and vine and between c
15、hunk and junk that f , v , t and d? must be phonemes in English because substituting v for f , or d ? for t produce a different word.【知识模块】 简答题4 【正确答案】 The units, which are often longer than one sound and smaller than a whole word, are called syllables. Syllables can be divided into two sorts: the o
16、pen syllables and the closed syllables. Syllables like me, by or no that have an onset and a nucleus, but no coda are called open syllables; while the coda is present in the syllables like up, cup or hat, which is called closed syllables.【知识模块】 简答题【知识模块】 简答题5 【正确答案】 gptdkb shared features; stop, con
17、sonant.【知识模块】 简答题6 【正确答案】 uu: ? shared features: back, rounded, vowel.【知识模块】 简答题【知识模块】 简答题7 【正确答案】 e : voicing.(voiceless vs. voiced)【知识模块】 简答题8 【正确答案】 p : f place of articulation.(bilabial vs. labio-dental)【知识模块】 简答题9 【正确答案】 I : e the height of the tone rising.(high vs. mid)【知识模块】 简答题10 【正确答案】 b :
18、m manner of articulation.(stop vs. nasal)【知识模块】 简答题11 【正确答案】 s : place of articulation.(alveolar vs. palatal)【知识模块】 简答题12 【正确答案】 s : e place of articulation,(alveolar vs. dental)【知识模块】 简答题【知识模块】 简答题13 【正确答案】 Initial Medial Final kook/gook raking/raging lak/lag【知识模块】 简答题14 【正确答案】 moon/noon dime/dine
19、beam/bean【知识模块】 简答题15 【正确答案】 berry/very dribble/drivel dub/dove【知识模块】 简答题16 【正确答案】 be/me ribbed/rimmed rib/rim【知识模块】 简答题17 【正确答案】 pat/fat depend/defend rap/raff【知识模块】 简答题【知识模块】 简答题18 【正确答案】 Stress in languages may be predictable by rules: lexical category, morphological structure and number of sylla
20、bles all seem to be relevant factors for the placement of stress in English words.For two-syllable verbs, the final(ultimate)syllable will receive main stress if it has a long vowel or ends in at least two consonants. In this case, the first(penultimate)syllable may have secondary stress, contain an
21、 unstressed full vowel, or contain a reduced vowel. For example, adapt, elect.If the ultimate syllable does not have a long vowel or end in two or more consonants, the penultimate syllable is stressed, as in promise. Otherwise, the main stress will be put on the second syllable. For example, carouse
22、, observe, astonish, determine.If there is a double-letter in the word, the main stress should be put between them, or in other words, on the second one of the two. Such as appear, corrode, collide, col lapse.【知识模块】 简答题19 【正确答案】 They are two-syllable words; therefore the final(ultimate)syllable will
23、 receive main stress, as collide, elect and conside.【知识模块】 简答题20 【正确答案】 The possible English words aresproke,frail,fluke.【知识模块】 简答题21 【正确答案】 Simple words; fly, suite, tree.Compound words; reuse, spiteful, preplan, desks, triumphed, optionality, untie, delight, fastest, prettier, justly, deform, mistreat, dislike, payment, disobey, premature.Bound morphemes: re-, -ful, pre-, -s, -ed, -al, -ity, un-, de-, -est, -er, -ly, de-, mis-, dis-, -ment.Roots: fly, use, spite, plan, desk, triumph, suite, option, tie, light, fast, pretty, tree, just, form, treat, like, pay, obey, mature.【知识模块】 简答题
