1、 Factory stairways, ladders and handrails Including access platforms and ramps PUBLICATION 105 Edition 8 RELEASED BY IHS. NOT FOR RESALE EEMUA Publication 105 - Factory stairways, ladders and handrails EEMUA ii THE ENGINEERING EQUIPMENT AND MATERIALS USERS ASSOCIATION Factory stairways, ladders and
2、handrails Including access platforms and ramps PUBLICATION 105 Edition 8 Copyright 2014 The Engineering Equipment and Materials Users Association. A company limited by guarantee. Registered in England. Company number 477838. ISBN 978 0 85931 200 4 Imprint reference 01-2014 Registered and Trading Add
3、ress 63 Mark Lane London EC3R 7NQ Telephone:+44 (0)20 7488 0801 Fax:+44 (0)20 7488 3499 E-mail:saleseemua.org Website:www.eemua.org EEMUA Publication 105 - Factory stairways, ladders and handrails EEMUA ii ENGINEERING EQUIPMENT AND MATERIALS USERS ASSOCIATION About EEMUA The Engineering Equipment an
4、d Materials Users Association is usually known by its initials, EEMUA. EEMUA is an Association established by the owners and operators of industrial assets. Any organisation that is a substantial user or substantial purchaser of engineering products is eligible to apply to become a member of EEMUA.
5、Membership is subject to the approval of Council. EEMUA Aims EEMUA aims to improve the safety, environmental and operating performance of industrial facilities in the most cost-effective way, pursuing and promoting leadership in industrial asset management by sharing engineering experiences and expe
6、rtise, and by the active, enlightened promotion of the distinct interests of users of engineering products. These aims are achieved by various means, including: Providing the organisation within which networking, information sharing and collaboration among users on non-competitive technical matters
7、can take place Influencing the way written regulations are interpreted and applied in practice Promoting and presenting members views, and encouraging the application of good sound engineering practices Developing user guides, specifications, training and competency schemes Facilitating members part
8、icipation in national and international standards making Influencing relevant national and European legislation and regulation. The income and resources of EEMUA are applied solely towards the promotion of the aims of the Association. No profit is transferred by way of dividend, bonus or otherwise t
9、o members. The work of the Association is mainly carried out by members representatives on EEMUA Technical Committees, Working Groups, and Forums, supported by EEMUA staff. Incorporation, Membership and Other Information For the purposes of conducting its business, EEMUA is incorporated in England a
10、nd Wales as a company, limited by guarantee, not having share capital. All usual aspects of company management and business administration are dealt with through the EEMUA Chief Executive, including policy implementation and leadership of the Executive team (the staff). A list of EEMUA publications
11、for sale is given at the end of this Publication. The full list is also on the Associations website, including details of on-line shopping facilities. To enquire about corporate Membership, write to enquirieseemua.org or call +44 (0)20 7488 0801. EEMUA Publication 105 - Factory stairways, ladders an
12、d handrails EEMUA iii ABOUT THIS PUBLICATION Legal Aspects All rights, title and interest in this Publication belong to EEMUA. All rights are reserved. No part of this Publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means: electronic, mechanical, pho
13、tocopying, recording or other, without the express prior written agreement of the EEMUA Chief Executive. Infringement of copyright is illegal and also reduces the Associations income thereby jeopardising its ability to fund the production of future publications. It has been assumed in the preparatio
14、n of this Publication that: the user ensures selection of those parts of its contents appropriate to the intended application; and that such selection and application is correctly carried out by appropriately qualified and competent persons for whose guidance this Publication has been prepared. EEMU
15、A and the individual members of the Work Group that prepared this EEMUA Publication do not, and indeed cannot, make any representation or give any warranty or guarantee in connection with material contained herein. EEMUA and the individual members of the Work Group that prepared this EEMUA Publicati
16、on expressly disclaim any liability or responsibility for damage or loss resulting from the use or reliance on this Publication. Any recommendations contained herein are based on the most authoritative information available at the time of writing and on current good engineering practice, but it is e
17、ssential for the user to take account of pertinent subsequent developments and/or legislation. Any person who encounters an inaccuracy or ambiguity when making use of this Publication is asked to notify EEMUA without delay so that the matter may be investigated and appropriate action taken. Consulta
18、tion and Feedback EEMUA encourages constructive comments on this Publication from both Members of the Association and others. Comments should be sent on the standard feedback form, a copy of which is provided towards the end of this Publication. An electronic version of the feedback form is availabl
19、e from EEMUA - e-mail your request for a copy to enquirieseemua.org, telephone your request to +44 (0)20 7488 0801, or download the form from the EEMUA website at www.eemua.org. Submit comments by e-mail (preferred) or post. Comments are considered by the relevant EEMUA Technical Committees and may
20、be incorporated in future editions of this Publication. New editions are publicised on the EEMUA website EEMUA Publication 105 - Factory stairways, ladders and handrails EEMUA iv EEMUA Publication 105 - Factory stairways, ladders and handrails EEMUA v Contents 1 Scope 3 2 Legislation, standards and
21、codes . 5 2.1 Legislation . 5 2.1.1 The Health and Safety at Work Act 1974 5 2.1.2 The Management of HASAW Regulations 1999 5 2.1.3 The Work at Height Regulations 2005 5 2.1.4 The Building Regulations 2010 6 2.1.5 The Building Clause 4 (2) states: “It shall be the duty of each person who has, to any
22、 extent, control of premises to which this section applies or of the means of access thereto or egress therefrom or of any plant or substance in such premises to take such measures as it is reasonable for a person in his position to take to ensure, so far as is reasonably practicable, that the premi
23、ses, all means of access thereto or egress therefrom available for use by persons using the premises, and any plant or substance in the premises or, as the case may be, provided for use there, is or are safe and without risks to health.” 2.1.2 The Management of Health and Safety at Work Regulations
24、1999(2) and The Management of Health and Safety at Work Regulations(3) (Northern Ireland) 2000 Clause 3-(1) in both sets of regulations states: “Every employer shall make a suitable and sufficient assessment of (a) the risks to the health and safety of his employees to which they are exposed whilst
25、they are at work; and (b) the risks to the health and safety of persons not in his employment arising out of or in connection with the conduct by him of his undertaking,” 2.1.3 The Work at Height Regulations 2005(4)and The Work at Height Regulations (Northern Ireland) 2005(5)These regulations impose
26、 many requirements on working at height, which include work at ground level or below ground level. Anyone involved with the design, installation, maintenance or use of access systems should be fully conversant with these requirements. Some of the schedules included in this legislation are particular
27、ly relevant to users of this Publication. However, they should not be used in isolation of the main body of regulations. The schedules concerned are: Schedule 1: Requirements for Existing Places of Work and Means of Access or Egress at Height EEMUA Publication 105 - Factory stairways, ladders and ha
28、ndrails EEMUA 6 Schedule 2: Requirements for Guard-rails, Toe-boards, Barriers and Similar Collective Means of Protection Schedule 3: Requirements for Working Platforms Schedule 6: Requirements for Ladders It should be noted that reference to “construction work” in these regulations refers to the me
29、aning assigned to it by regulation 2(1) of the Construction (Health, Safety and Welfare) Regulations 1996. Clause 2(1) (e) states “construction work” means “the installation, commissioning, maintenance, repair or removal of mechanical, electrical, gas, compressed air, hydraulic, telecommunications,
30、computer or similar services, which are normally fixed within or to a structure.” 2.1.4 The Building Regulations 2010(6)Where the Building Regulations apply, meeting the applicable requirements of the Approved Documents should normally ensure compliance with the regulations. The Approved Documents r
31、elevant to this publication are: Approved Document B Volume 2 2006 Edition Incorporating 2007, 2010 or the risk reduced to as low as reasonably practicable (ALARP). Before any measures are considered to reduce the risk, the possibility of eliminating the hazard by removing the need for access should
32、 be explored. Possibilities include: repositioning plant, provision of remote actuation, and fitting remote indications. Some of these measures could be implemented on existing installations, if reasonably practicable. The risk assessment should take into account all foreseeable hazards including: F
33、alling; Tripping/slipping; Entrapment in case of fire; Hazards arising from proximity to plant; Exhaustion; Objects falling onto personnel below. 3.1 Falling Factors to be considered include: Access and egress from a ladder/stairway to working platforms; Ladders providing access to a higher level fr
34、om an elevated platform; Potential distance to fall, e.g. long uninterrupted flights of stairs or long runs of ladders; Structural integrity; Degradation over time; Profile of personnel expected to use access; Requirement for tools/equipment to be carried; Safety gate operation. The risk of falls fr
35、om height can be minimised by good design and adequate through life maintenance. Proposed installations should be thoroughly examined, at the design stage, for weaknesses in the safety envelope. Some critical areas are discussed below. Access systems must have adequate structural integrity to safely
36、 support all loads imposed during the life of the plant. Loadings should be calculated using the relevant clauses of National Annexe to BS EN 1991-1-1:2002 UK(45) and National Annexe to BS EN 1991-1-4:2005 +A1:2010(46)and any known specific loads to be supported, e.g. spare or removed equipment. Whe
37、re corrosive environments are anticipated in service it is usual to allow for metal loss by either reducing the allowable stresses or increasing the loading by a suitable factor. It is also common to specify a minimum section thickness. This is particularly necessary where the corrosion protection i
38、s provided by a non-durable finish, such as paint, which may not be well maintained. Where a hot dip galvanised finish is used, these allowances should not be necessary. Any corrosion protection/corrosion allowance should be adequate for the projected life of the plant plus 50%, in order to allow fo
39、r extended operation. EEMUA Publication 105 - Factory stairways, ladders and handrails EEMUA 12 Access and egress from a stairway to a working platform should preferably turn through 90 degrees and be by a level platform. This reduces the risk of personnel walking straight off the platform and tumbl
40、ing down the stairway. Access and egress from a ladder to a working platform should preferably be by side stepping onto the working platform. This enables much easier access and egress while operating the safety gate. Ladders providing access to a higher level, from an elevated platform can give ris
41、e to an increased risk of falling outside the guard rail envelope, to a lower level. Where this hazard exists, the guard rails should be increased in number and height, or the safety cage should be extended to platform level on the side that the hazard exists. Long uninterrupted flights of stairs or
42、 long runs of ladders should be avoided. Stairways should be made up of short flights, preferably not more than 16 risers, with 180olandings. Long runs of ladders should be made up of equal runs, not exceeding 6 m between rest platforms. The runs should be staggered to reduce the potential fall dist
43、ance. The profile of personnel, any requirement for bulky clothing to be worn, and tools/equipment to be carried should be considered when deciding on dimensions and slope angles. Safety gates should be easily operated and reliably self-closing, by use of rising hinges or springs. 3.2 Tripping/slipp
44、ing The working surface of access platforms should be level and non-slip. Any change in level necessary should either be at least two steps; or in the case of a small change in level, a shallow ramp can be used. If it is necessary to use a single step, then handrails and a safety gate should be used
45、 to allow transit from one level to another. The change in level should be highlighted using a coloured nosing bar, or similar, and suitable warning signs should be installed at the access point. In non-fire hazardous areas, open mesh flooring should be used in preference to raised pattern solid flo
46、oring because it prevents pooling of liquids such as oil or water, provides a superior non-slip surface, and is less prone to corrosion. In fire hazardous areas, use of raised pattern solid flooring may need to be considered, in conjunction with solid side protection, because it can provide short te
47、rm fire and flame protection, allowing people to escape. 3.3 Entrapment in case of fire Factors to be considered should include: Frequency of use of the installation; Duration of use of the installation; Type of activity to be carried out, e.g. hot work; Provision of alternative means of egress; Lik
48、elihood of a fire during the use of the installation; Potential for rescue in the event of entrapment. EEMUA Publication 105 - Factory stairways, ladders and handrails EEMUA 13 Access and working platforms should be designed so that they can be readily evacuated in the event of a fire. Particular fe
49、atures to avoid are long vertical travels, with no other means of egress than retracing the access path, and long horizontal travels to dead ends. 3.4 Hazards arising from proximity to plant Factors to be considered include: Hot surfaces; Steam, hot liquids or gases, e.g. relief valve vents; Moving parts, e.g. cranes, hoists, actuators; Exposed electrical conductors; Noise. Hazards presented by the proximity of personnel to plant need to be identified and adequately addressed. This could include desig
