1、April 2005 DIN Deutsches Institut fr Normung e.V. Jede Art der Vervielfltigung, auch auszugsweise, nur mit Genehmigung des DIN Deutsches Institut fr Normung e.V. , Berlin gestattet. Alleinverkauf der Normen durch Beuth Verlag GmbH, 10772 BerlinPreisgruppe 7 www.din.de www.beuth.de9606450Gesamtumfang
2、 11 SeitenSolid recovered fuels Report on relative difference between biodegradable and biogenic fraction of SRFICS 75.160.10Nationales VorwortDer mit diesem DIN-Fachbericht in Englisch verffentlichte Europische Technische Bericht wurde vom Technischen Komitee CEN/TC 343 Feste Sekundrbrennstoffe“ un
3、ter intensiver deutscher Mit-arbeit ausgearbeitet. Fr die deutsche Mitarbeit ist der Arbeitsausschuss NMP 583 Sekundrbrenn-stoffe“ des Normenausschusses Materialprfung (NMP) verantwortlich.DIN-Fachbericht CEN/TR 14980Feste Sekundrbrennstoffe Bericht ber den relativen Unterschied zwischen biologisch
4、abbaubaren und biogenen Anteilen von festen Sekundrbrennstoffen!,_cU“B55EB1B3E14C22109E918E8EA43EDB30F09CC9B7EF8DD9NormCD - Stand 2007-03B55EB1B3E14C22109E918E8EA43EDB30F09CC9B7EF8DD9NormCD - Stand 2007-03TECHNICAL REPORT RAPPORT TECHNIQUE TECHNISCHER BERICHT CEN/TR 14980 December 2004 ICS 75.160.10
5、 English version Solid recovered fuels Report on relative difference between biodegradable and biogenic fractions of SRF Feste Sekundrbrennstoffe Bericht ber den relativen Unterschied zwischen biologisch abbaubaren und biogenen Anteilen von festen Sekundrbrennstoffen This Technical Report was approv
6、ed by CEN on 29 October 2004. It has been drawn up by the Technical Committee CEN/TC 343. CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Ma
7、lta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and United Kingdom. EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION COMIT EUROPEN DE NORMALISATION EUROPISCHES KOMITEE FR NORMUNG Management Centre: rue de Stassart, 36 B-1050 Brussels 2004 CEN All rights of exploitati
8、on in any form and by any means reserved worldwide for CEN national Members. Ref. No. CEN/TR 14980:2004: EB55EB1B3E14C22109E918E8EA43EDB30F09CC9B7EF8DD9NormCD - Stand 2007-03CEN/TR 14980:2004 (E) 2 Contents Page Foreword3 Introduction.4 1 Scope 6 2 Normative references6 3 Terms and definitions .6 4
9、Definitions on biodegradable, biogenic and biomass.6 4.1 Biodegradable6 4.1.1 Preferred definition of biodegradable .6 4.1.2 Other definitions on biodegradable.6 4.2 Biogenic6 4.3 Biomass7 4.3.1 Preferred definition of biomass .7 4.3.2 Other definitions on biomass.7 5 Determination of biodegradable
10、and biogenic fractions of waste .8 5.1 General .8 5.2 Biodegradable fraction8 5.3 Biogenic fraction .8 5.4 Available test methods8 5.5 Conclusion on number of test methods needed9 Bibliography10 B55EB1B3E14C22109E918E8EA43EDB30F09CC9B7EF8DD9NormCD - Stand 2007-03CEN/TR 14980:2004 (E) 3 Foreword This
11、 document (CEN/TR 14980:2004) has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN/TC 343 “Solid recovered fuels”, the secretariat of which is held by SFS. This document has been prepared under the Mandate M/325 to CEN on Solid Recovered Fuels 1 to provide the European Commission with a report on the relati
12、ve difference between the biodegradable and the biogenic fraction of waste in order to decide whether there is a need to develop two different standards or only one. B55EB1B3E14C22109E918E8EA43EDB30F09CC9B7EF8DD9NormCD - Stand 2007-03CEN/TR 14980:2004 (E) 4 Introduction In a long term perspective of
13、 Sustainable Development, it is crucial to use resources as efficiently as possible. Natural, as well as financial, resources use should be optimised to limit as far as possible the effects on human health and on environment, while creating wealth more easily accessible to all fractions of the world
14、 population. In a medium term perspective, climate change effects due to greenhouse gas emissions from human activities should be properly addressed. Shorter term issues such as energy security of supply remain a permanent concern as well. Solid Recovered Fuels (SRF) are fuels prepared from non haza
15、rdous waste to be utilised for energy recovery in waste incineration or co-incineration plants regulated under Community environmental legislation 1. SRFs play an important role in the EU Community energy policy (see CEN/TR 14745:2003 2). The cost benefit analysis has shown that the use of SRF contr
16、ibutes to the reduction of greenhouse gases. The use of SRFs is particularly important in sparsely populated areas. It also serves a means to meet the targets of the Landfill Directive 3 by reducing landfilling of biodegradable waste. Solid Recovered Fuels (SRF), by replacing e.g. fossil fuels and l
17、imiting the volumes of waste sent to landfills, can contribute to increasing resource efficiency. If based on biomass, their use will prevent emissions from fossil carbon into the atmosphere and decrease correspondingly greenhouse gases emissions from anthropogenic activities; biomass-based SRF is a
18、 source of storable solar energy. The Commission Decision of 29/01/2004 establishes guidelines for monitoring and reporting of greenhouse gas emissions pursuant to Directive 2003/87/EC (7). Due e.g. to the existence of legislative measures in favour of electricity based on renewable resources, there
19、 is a need for clear commonly agreed terminology and test methods for SRF. To be able to make any decisions on test methods needed for the determination of the biodegradable fraction and the biogenic fraction of solid recovered fuels it is necessary to have clear definitions on these terms. The term
20、s biodegradable and biogenic do not mean the same thing. Biodegradable relates to the degradation of a material, while biogenic relates to its formation and origin. Definitions in relevant EU directives have been taken into consideration and are listed in Chapter 4 “Definitions on biodegradable, bio
21、genic and biomass”. In EU directives 2001/77/EC 4 on the promotion of electricity produced from renewable energy sources in the internal electricity market (RES-E), biomass is identified as a renewable energy source and is defined as the “biodegradable fraction of products, waste and residues from a
22、griculture (including vegetal and animal substances), forestry and related industries, as well as the biodegradable fraction of industrial and municipal waste”. As this definition concerns only the degrading of biomass an additional clarification concerning its short-cyclic origin was needed. The te
23、rm biogenic is used in the context of the Kyoto protocol. Requirements on the definitions: a) The definitions need to be as clear as possible. b) The definitions need to comply with the difference between short-cyclic organic matter such as wood and long-cycle carbon based1)organic matter such as co
24、al and petroleum based plastics. When the regene-ration of a fuel takes thousands of years it cannot be considered as participating to the short C-cycle and is therefore no longer short-cycle carbon based2). 1)Long C-cycle takes thousands of years to close the loop C back to C (fossilisation). 2)Sho
25、rt C-cycle take a few years (one to a few hundreds of years) to close the loop (short term renewable resources) B55EB1B3E14C22109E918E8EA43EDB30F09CC9B7EF8DD9NormCD - Stand 2007-03CEN/TR 14980:2004 (E) 5 c) The results of the definitions need to be manageable in practical situations such as laborato
26、ry analyses. In Chapter 4 “Definitions on biodegradable, biogenic and biomass”, definitions for the purpose of this report are given. With these definitions as a base, different methods of analysis are discussed. To be suitable in practice a method has to give a good approximation of the biodegradab
27、le and/or the biogenic fractions, be reasonably fast and not too expensive in order to define the biomass content of SRFs. B55EB1B3E14C22109E918E8EA43EDB30F09CC9B7EF8DD9NormCD - Stand 2007-03CEN/TR 14980:2004 (E) 6 1 Scope This document considers the relative difference between the biodegradable fra
28、ction and the biogenic fraction of solid recovered fuels prepared from non-hazardous waste for energy recovery and whether there is a need to develop two sets of standards or only one set for the determination of these fractions in order to define the biomass content of SRFs. 2 Normative references
29、The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies. 003430013), Solid recovered fuels Terminology, de
30、finitions and descriptions 3 Terms and definitions For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in 003430013)apply. 4 Definitions on biodegradable, biogenic and biomass 4.1 Biodegradable 4.1.1 Preferred definition of biodegradable (Material) capable of undergoing biological ana
31、erobic or aerobic decomposition under conditions naturally occurring in the biosphere NOTE This definition is in line with the Landfill Directive with the addition of a description of the environment for decomposition and clearly stating that it is to be a biological activity involved. 4.1.2 Other d
32、efinitions on biodegradable Definition of biodegradable in the directive 1999/31/EC on the landfill of waste: (Material) capable of under-going anaerobic or aerobic decomposition NOTE Using the definition of the Landfill directive 3, the firing of coal in a power plant also meets the definition. 4.2
33、 Biogenic (Material) produced by living organisms in natural processes but not fossilised or derived from fossil resources NOTE The term biogenic is used to denote CO2-neutral material when degraded under aerobic conditions. Examples are: plants, wood waste, forestry residues. 3) To be published. B5
34、5EB1B3E14C22109E918E8EA43EDB30F09CC9B7EF8DD9NormCD - Stand 2007-03CEN/TR 14980:2004 (E) 7 4.3 Biomass 4.3.1 Preferred definition of biomass Material of biological origin excluding material embedded in geological formation or transformed to fossil NOTE This definition is very close to the definition
35、in CEN/TC 335 Solid Biofuels 5 with the only difference that coal found on the surface of the Earth is clearly excluded. For further clarification definitions on fossil and geological formation: Fossil The remains or traces of a plant or animal life embedded in geological formation from a previous g
36、eological period and transformed to a stable material for the conditions of its present location Geological formation Material formed by consecutive natural depositions of different materials in a certain geological period The present geological period, Quaternary Period, started approximately 1,64
37、million years ago. It is divided in the Pleistocene and the Holocene. Pleistocene ended approximately 10 000 years ago, and the Holocene, which is also called the Post-glacial period, continues. 4.3.2 Other definitions on biomass There are definitions on biomass to be found in CEN standard on Solid
38、Biofuels and in several EU directives: Definition of biomass in CEN/TC 335 Solid Biofuels Terminology, definitions and descriptions 5: Material of biological origin excluding material embedded in geological formations and transformed to fossil; Definition of biomass in the directive 2001/77/EC on th
39、e promotion of electricity produced from renewable energy sources in the internal electricity market (RES-E) 4: The biodegradable fraction of products, waste and residues from agriculture (including vegetal and animal substances), forestry and related industries, as well as the biodegradable fractio
40、n of industrial and municipal waste; Definition of biomass in the directive 2001/80/EC on the limitation of emissions of certain pollutants into the air from large combustion plants 6: Products consisting of any whole or part of a vegetable matter from agriculture or forestry which can be used as a
41、fuel for the purpose of recovering its energy content and the following waste used as a fuel: a) vegetable waste from agriculture and forestry; b) vegetable waste from the food processing industry, if the heat generated is recovered; c) fibrous vegetable waste from virgin pulp production and from pr
42、oduction of paper from pulp, if it is co-incinerated at the place of production and the heat generated is recovered; d) cork waste; e) wood waste with the exception of wood waste which may contain halogenated organic compounds or heavy metals as a result of treatment with wood preservatives or coati
43、ng, and which includes in particular such wood waste originating from construction and demolition waste. Definition of biomass in the Commission Decision of 29/01/2004 “Establishing guidelines for the monitoring and reporting of greenhouse gas emissions pursuant to Directive 2003/87/EC of the Europe
44、an Parliament and of the Council” 7: “Biomass” means non-fossilised and biodegradable organic material originating from plants, animals and micro-organisms. This shall also include products, by-products, residues and waste from agriculture, B55EB1B3E14C22109E918E8EA43EDB30F09CC9B7EF8DD9NormCD - Stan
45、d 2007-03CEN/TR 14980:2004 (E) 8 forestry and related industries as well as the non-fossilised and biodegradable organic fractions of industrial and municipal wastes. Biomass also includes gases and liquids recovered from the decomposition of non-fossilised and biodegradable organic material. When b
46、urned for energy purposes biomass is referred to as biomass fuel. 5 Determination of biodegradable and biogenic fractions of waste 5.1 General The terms biodegradable and biogenic do not mean the same thing. Biodegradable relates to the degradation of a material, while biogenic relates to its format
47、ion and origin. Technically and scientifically “biodegradable” is not equal to “biogenic” and neither is relevant as a definition of “biomass”. 5.2 Biodegradable fraction A biodegradable material can be degraded by living organisms, usually micro organisms, depending on available organisms, physical
48、/chemical environment and time. Generally speaking materials based on biomass, provided they have not been modified to alter their biodegradability, are much more readily biodegradable than materials based on fossil raw materials as far as these latter have not been designed for being easily biodegr
49、adable. Biodegradation of commonly used plastics is very slow. For the purpose of CEN/TC 343, biodegradable material can be roughly regarded as being the same as biomass as defined above. A test method for the determination of biomass could thus be used keeping in mind that it gives only a rough estimation. Test methods relying on measurement of biological degradation are very time consuming and very costly. Such a determination takes several months before the results are available. For practical use in the case of solid re
