1、Englische Fassung CWA 14094:2001ICS 35.240.01Kulturspezifische europische KT-AnforderungenNationales VorwortDieses CEN Workshop Agreement CWA 14094, das vom CEN/ISSS Workshop on European Culturally SpecificICT Requirements (WS-ESR) erarbeitet wurde, wird ausschlielich in englischer Sprache zur Verfg
2、ung gestellt.CEN Workshop Agreements werden im Rahmen eines Konsortiums entwickelt. Sie unterscheiden sich vonEuropischen Normen dadurch, dass sie grundstzlich kein ffentliches Einspruchsverfahren durchlaufen unddass auch keine nationale Meinungsbildung stattfindet. Im Gegensatz zu Europischen Norme
3、n, die denKonsens aller interessierten Kreise darstellen, haben CEN Workshop Agreements lediglich die Zustimmung derunmittelbar beteiligten Mitglieder des Konsortiums gefunden.Fr den Inhalt sind ausschlielich die Mitglieder des Konsortiums verantwortlich (siehe ergnzende Hinweise imCWA-Vorwort). Wed
4、er das CEN-Management-Zentrum noch die CEN-Mitglieder haben den Inhalt auf even-tuelle Fehler oder Widersprche zu Normen und Rechtsvorschriften geprft.CWA 14094 Beuth Verlag GmbH, 2001.Jede Art der Vervielfltigung, auch auszugsweise,nur mit Genehmigung des Beuth Verlages gestattet.Alleinverkauf durc
5、h Beuth Verlag GmbH, 10772 BerlinRef. Nr. DIN CWA 14094:2001-06RW DIN CWA Preisgr. 01European Culturally SpecificICT RequirementsFortsetzung 16 Seiten CWAJuni 2001 Leerseite Rue de Stassart, 36 B-1050 BruxellesTel : +32 2 550 08 11 Fax : +32 2 550 08 19EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION COMIT EU
6、ROPEN DE NORMALISATION EUROPISCHES KOMITEE FR NORMUNG WORKSHOPCWA 14094AGREEMENTJanuary 2001ICS 35.240.01European Culturally Specific ICT Requirements 2001 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved world-wide forCEN National MembersRef. No CWA 14094:2001 EThis CEN Workshop
7、 Agreement can in no way be held as being an official standardas developed by CEN National Members.Page 2CWA 14094:2001Table of ContentsFOREWORD. 3INTRODUCTION. 41 SCOPE . 52 REFERENCES . 63 DEFINITIONS AND ABBREVIATIONS 64 GENERAL 75 ELEMENTS FOR THE CHECKLIST 85.1 Sub-areas.85.2 Characters.85.3 Us
8、e of special characters 105.4 Numbers, monetary amounts, letter written figures .115.5 Date and time 125.6 Telephone numbers and addresses, bank account numbers and personal identification 135.7 Units of measures145.8 Mathematical symbols145.9 Icons and symbols, meaning of colours.155.10 Man-machine
9、 interface and Culture related political and legal requirements .15ANNEX A (NORMATIVE) . 16Page 3CWA 14094:2001FOREWORDThe production of this document which describes European culturally specific requirements oninformation and communications technologies was agreed by the CEN/ISSS Workshop EuropeanC
10、ulturally Specific ICT Requirements (WS-ESR) in the Workshops Kick-Off meeting on 1998-11-23.The document has been developed through the collaboration of a number of contributing partners in WS-ESR. WS-ESR representation gathers a wide mix of interests, coming from academia, publicadministrations, I
11、T-suppliers, and other interested experts. The present CWA (CEN WorkshopAgreement) has received the support of representatives of each of these sectors. A list of experts whohave supported the documents contents may be obtained from the CEN/ISSS Secretariat. The finalreview/endorsement round of this
12、 CWA was started on 2000-02-17 and was successfully closed on 2000-mm-dd. The final text of this CWA was submitted to CEN for publication on 2000-mm-dd.The CEN Workshop Agreement has only been made in English.Page 4CWA 14094:2001INTRODUCTIONInformation and communications technologies (ICT) have been
13、 and continue to be undergoingbreakthrough developments. Computers started as being helpful tools for highly repetitive or numbercrunching applications. For the sake of minimising the then exorbitant cost of processing cycles,computer memory (where each bit was still in the 70s physically represente
14、d by a magnetic ring withthree wires running through it) and direct access storage, there was initially precious little room forvariance and/or fine details at the system level in the coding schemes for entering and storing the data andat the application level for presenting the data. Although the t
15、echnology base for the restrictions has longsince gone, the user community at large is still in its infancy in the appreciation of what flexibility forcultural adaptability can be requested and expected from modern ICT solutions.The system vendor community is busily building the infrastructure to me
16、et the known and anticipateduser requirements for this adaptability. While doing this, they face a number of challenging questions:1. For which aspects/elements in the system is there a genuine justification to require culturaladaptability (and what are the actual conventions to be used in each case
17、)?2. How to provide this adaptability for use in application software (and how to make the applicationsoftware houses utilise it)?3. How to bring this adaptability to the end user in a transparent and seamless manner?In line with the Protection of Cultural Diversity theme driven by the Commission of
18、 the EuropeanCommunities (CEC), the primary intent of this CEN Workshop Agreement is to address the first part ofquestion 1 above for Europe. In order to do so, the requirements of European nations and cultural groupsneed be covered, as well as those stemming from the natural interactions between th
19、ese groups, inaddition to those imposed by formally pan-European application environments.The evident answer to address both parts of the second question is to use standardised methods, be theyagreed upon within the formal International Organization for Standardization (ISO/IEC JTC 1, “JointTechnica
20、l Committee 1 for Information Technology“ and particularly its SC 22/WG 20, “ProgrammingLanguages / Internationalization“) or European Committee for Standardization (CEN ISSS, “InformationSociety Standardization System“ and particularly its TC 304, “ICT - European LocalizationRequirements“), the Wor
21、ld Wide Web Consortium (W3C, particularly its “User Interface:Internationalization“), the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF), or whatever, as long as the forum iswidely accepted. For any general solution, each IT system platform and each application must be“internationalised“ in order for them t
22、o be able to be “localised“. Unless the various platforms providesimilar and ideally identical mechanisms (including the APIs, Application Programming Interfaces) for abroad enough set, the cost and other benefits of portability for cultural adaptability will not materialise.The answer to the second
23、 part also implies that the answer to the second part of question 1 is available.The third question is the ultimate dilemma for the vendor community: A set of default values for eachgroup of users must be easy to select (which is fully under the control of the vendors) and support theircultural conv
24、entions without modifications (which cannot be controlled by the vendors). These valuesthemselves are not addressed by this CWA since, in order for them to be reliable, they must be providedat source, i.e. by the proper representatives of each nation and cultural group. Mechanisms are beingdeveloped
25、 for the registration of these values (e.g. the original European pre-standard ENV 12005 and itsfast-tracked international version, ISO/IEC 15897:1999, which is currently under major revision) in anauthoritative (yet hopefully neutral), reliable manner. In addition, for Europe, CEN TC 304 has set up
26、 aproject team for the population of the cultural registry (as per ENV 12005) and another CEN/ISSSWorkshop (“Eurolocale“) is addressing the (ENV 12005 based) default values for use in pan-Europeanapplications. Unfortunately, the registries only cover a relatively small number of cultural elements an
27、deven as such are only sparsely populated. On the other hand, past, regional or proprietary efforts areknown to contain a number of errors, and cannot thus be used without considerable caution.Page 5CWA 14094:2001When dealing with the default values for the cultural elements, it should be noted that
28、 once standardisedmethods are being used, the market relevance for any particular set of elements known to be correct doesnot require extensive proof. The addition of a table driven selection is a marginal investment (providedan existing user interface including the keywords, error messages and help
29、 information may be utilised).In each and every instance, though, users must have the option to override any and all default values withtheir own personal, corporate or whatever preferences.Culturally specific requirements are indeed culturally specific, i.e. the (established) cultural groups define
30、them and can never be told what they are. Europe consists of several sovereign nations inside andoutside the European Union. Even within the European Union, the strong subsidiarity principleguarantees that there can be hardly any pan-European conventions / cultural aspects that could beimposed on th
31、e national level, even for new elements such as the euro, the new currency of the EuropeanMonetary Union. As a consequence, no European standards (EN) can be expected in this area (since allCEN members are obliged to make each EN a national standard and withdraw any national standard thatis in confl
32、ict with an EN). Truly pan-European applications, however, have a set of their ownrequirements to be met and European standards can thus be defined for them.Note: Thus, each nation and cultural group is strongly urged to:1. review that their inherent language and other cultural requirements are cove
33、red herein and2. agree on one or more sets of the default values and submit them for registration.This is an area, where one cannot depend on the others, except for the implementation once thehomework has been done. Not doing this homework is tantamount to a public denial of the need forothers to re
34、spect ones cultural background.1SCOPEThis CEN Workshop Agreement defines a check list of Culturally Specific ICT Requirements, such ascharacter sets, internationalisation and user interfaces, in Europe (see Annex A for coverage) thatproducts and services developed on the framework of the Global Info
35、rmation Infrastructure need to coverand support. Currently there is no single source for an integrated set of information regarding culturallyspecific ICT requirements in Europe. Such a checklist provided by the CWA will assist in this regard.The CWA also discusses the rationale for the requirements
36、 that affect the localisation of ICT systems andservices. In addition to the requirements in a national / cultural application environment, the CWAidentifies areas where national requirements still need be addressed even in pan-European applications.The potential users of this checklist are: 1) supp
37、liers and implementers who wish to provide products andservices applicable to the relevant market, and service providers, in particular those who wish to operateacross national borders, and 2) users and purchasers who wish to ensure that products and services areapplicable to their use.The list, how
38、ever, does not constitute any procurement guidance as such.In areas, where reliable sources exist for the specifics of the requirements, the CWA will refer to thesesources.Page 6CWA 14094:20012 REFERENCESEN 1923 European character repertoires and their coding - 8-bit single byte codingENV 12005 IT -
39、 Procedure for European Registration of Cultural ElementsENV 13710:2000 IT - European ordering rules - Ordering of characters from the Latin, Greek andCyrillic scriptsCWA 13873:2000 IT - Multilingual European Subsets in ISO/IEC 10646-1CWA Eurolocale-1:2000 IT - European generic locales - Part 1: gen
40、eral specificationsCWA Eurolocale-2:2000 IT - European generic locales - Part 2: narrative cultural specifications,POSIX locales and repertoiremapISO/IEC 646 IT - ISO 7-bit coded character set for information interchangeISO/IEC 2022 IT - Character code structure and extension techniquesISO/IEC 6937
41、IT - Coded graphic character set for text communication - Latin alphabetISO/IEC 8859-1 IT - 8-bit single-byte coded graphic character sets - Part 1: Latin alphabet No. 1ISO/IEC 8859-15 IT - 8-bit single-byte coded graphic character sets - Part 15: Latin alphabet No. 9ISO/IEC 10646-1 IT - Universal M
42、ultiple-Octet Coded Character Set (UCS) - Part 1: Architecture andBasic Multilingual PlaneISO/IEC 14651:2000 IT - International string ordering and comparison - Method for comparingcharacter strings and description of the common template tailorable orderingISO/IEC 15897 IT - Procedures for registrat
43、ion of cultural elementsISO 9 Information and documentation - Transliteration of Cyrillic characters into Latin characters -Slavic and non-Slavic languagesISO 233 Documentation - Transliteration of Arabic characters into Latin charactersISO 233-2 Information and documentation - Transliteration of Ar
44、abic characters into Latin characters -Part 2: Arabic language - Simplified transliterationISO 233-3 Information and documentation - Transliteration of Arabic characters into Latin characters -Part 3: Persian language - Simplified transliterationISO 259 Documentation - Transliteration of Hebrew char
45、acters into Latin charactersISO 259-2 Information and documentation - Transliteration of Hebrew characters into Latin characters - Part 2: Simplified transliterationISO 843 Information and documentation Conversion of Greek characters into Latin charactersISO 4217 Codes for the representation of curr
46、encies and fundsISO 8601 Data elements and interchange formats - Information interchange - Representation of datesand times3 DEFINITIONS AND ABBREVIATIONSEDI Electronic Data InterchangeEU European UnionICT Information and Communications TechnologiesIT Information TechnologySWIFT Society for Worldwid
47、e Interbank Financial TelecommunicationsUCS Universal Character SetUN/EDIFACT United Nations Electronic Data Interchange For Administration, Commerce andTransportUTF-8 UCS Transformation Format 8Page 7CWA 14094:20014 GENERALEurope consists of many nations and the members of these nations speak diffe
48、rent languages. Manynations are multilingual and virtually the same language is often also spoken by members of severalnations. Furthermore, most European languages are related to some other European languages, althoughthey form several groups. Although many “native Europeans“ use languages such as
49、Arabic, Gujarati,etc., to speak to members of their cultural communities, some of which have over 100 years ofassimilation within Europe, these languages are not taken into particular consideration for the purposes ofthis CWA.The sovereignty of the nations and the strong subsidiarity principle of the European Union have beendiscussed above. Furthermore, several European countries have already signed and ratified the Councilof Europe treaty on regional and minority languages, which does imply certain responsibilities at thenation
