1、Designation: E 805 06Standard Practice forIdentification of Instrumental Methods of Color or Color-Difference Measurement of Materials1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E 805; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of
2、 revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This practice covers the documentation of instrumentalmeasurement of color or color difference
3、 for current commu-nication or for future reference. The practice is applicable toinstrumental measurements of materials where color is seen byreflected, transmitted or emitted light and any combinations ofone or more of these processes. The practice is recommendedfor documentation of methodology in
4、 interlaboratory color-measurement programs.1.2 An adequate identification of an instrumental measureof color or color-difference consists of five parts:1.2.1 Nature and source of available samples and the formof specimens actually measured,1.2.2 Instrumental conditions of measurement, includinginst
5、rument geometrical and spectral conditions of measure-ment,1.2.3 Standards used,1.2.4 Data acquisition procedure, and1.2.5 Color scales employed.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of whoever uses this stan
6、dard to consult andestablish appropriate safety and health practices and deter-mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D 1535 Practice for Specifying Color by the Munsell Sys-temD 2244 Practice for Calculation of Color Tolerances andCo
7、lor Differences from Instrumentally Measured ColorCoordinatesD 5386 Test Method for Color of Liquids Using TristimulusColorimetryD 6166 Test Method for Color of Naval Stores and RelatedProducts (Instrumental Determination of Gardner Color)E 179 Guide for Selection of Geometric Conditions forMeasurem
8、ent of Reflection and Transmission Properties ofMaterialsE 259 Practice for Preparation of Pressed Powder WhiteReflectance Factor Transfer Standards for Hemisphericaland Bi-Directional GeometriesE 284 Terminology of AppearanceE 308 Practice for Computing the Colors of Objects byUsing the CIE SystemE
9、 313 Practice for Calculating Yellowness and WhitenessIndices from Instrumentally Measured Color CoordinatesE 991 Practice for Color Measurement of FluorescentSpecimensE 1164 Practice for Obtaining Spectrometric Data forObject-Color EvaluationE 1247 Practice for Detecting Fluorescence in Object-Colo
10、rSpecimens by SpectrophotometryE 1331 Test Method for Reflectance Factor and Color bySpectrophotometry Using Hemispherical GeometryE 1345 Practice for Reducing the Effect of Variability ofColor Measurement by Use of Multiple MeasurementsE 1347 Test Method for Color and Color-Difference Mea-surement
11、by Tristimulus (Filter) ColorimetryE 1348 Test Method for Transmittance and Color by Spec-trophotometry Using Hemispherical GeometryE 1349 Test Method for Reflectance Factor and Color bySpectrophotometry Using Bidirectional (45:0 or 0:45)GeometryE 1708 Practice for Electronic Interchange of Color an
12、dAppearance DataE 1767 Practice for Specifying the Geometries of Observa-tion and Measurement to Characterize the Appearance ofMaterialsE 2152 Practice for Computing the Colors of FluorescentObjects from Bispectral Photometric DataE 2153 Practice for Obtaining Bispectral Photometric Datafor Evaluati
13、on of Fluorescent ColorE 2175 Practice for Specifying the Geometry of MultiangleSpectrophotometersE 2194 Practice for Multiangle Color Measurement ofMetal Flake Pigmented Materials1This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E12 on Color andAppearance and is the direct responsibility o
14、f Subcommittee E12.04 on Color andAppearance Analysis.Current edition approved July 1, 2006. Published July 2006. Originally approvedin 1981. Last previous edition approved in 2001 as E 805 01a.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at s
15、erviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.2.2 Other Standard Documents:CIE Publication 51 A Me
16、thod for Assessing the Quality ofDaylight Simulators for Colorimetry3DIN 6176 Farbmetrische, Bestimmung von Farbabstndebie Krperfarben nach der DIN99Formel43. Terminology3.1 Definitions of terms in Terminology E 284 are appli-cable to this practice.4. Significance and Use4.1 The options available in
17、 methods for the measurementof color or color-difference are many. These involve choices in:(1) specimens, (2) geometric and spectral properties of instru-ments, (3) calibration bases for standards used, (4) procedurefor sample handling including conditioning, (5) procedure fortaking data, and (6) e
18、quations for converting instrumental datato final results. Once the measurements have been made, it isessential to document what has been done for the purpose ofinterlaboratory comparisons, or for future use. A sample formis provided in Fig. 1 to record identifying information appli-cable to any ins
19、trumental method of color or color-differencemeasurement.3Available from U.S. National Committee of the CIE (International Commissionon Illumination), C/o Thomas M. Lemons, TLA-Lighting Consultants, Inc., 7 PondSt., Salem, MA 01970.4Available from Beuth Verlag GmbH (DIN- DIN Deutsches Institut furNo
20、rmung e.V.), Burggrafenstrasse 6, 10787, Berlin, Germany.FIG. 1 Sample Report FormE8050624.2 Refer to Guide E 179, Practices E 991, E 1164, E 1345,E 1708, E 1767, E 2152, and E 2194 and Test Methods D 5386,D 6166, E 1247, E 1331, E 1347, E 1348, and E 1349, forspecific details of measurements.5. Ide
21、ntification of Samples and Specimens5.1 Identification of Samples and Specimens:5.1.1 Identify samples by material and form, together withmarkings or document identification.5.1.2 Mark each specimen with a serial number or letter, andother identifying markings.5.2 Description of SpecimensFor specifi
22、c forms of speci-mens, additional identification shall be included:5.2.1 Solid sheet or web, specify thickness and backingmaterial.5.2.2 Powder or granular substance (packed or poured); ifplaced behind window, state material and thickness.5.2.3 Fiber or yarn, describe form, type of transparentspecim
23、en window (if used), pressure on backing plate.5.2.4 Paste (if placed behind window), state material andthickness.5.2.5 Liquid (if observed through window), state windowmaterial and path length.5.2.6 Film drawdown, specify film thickness and back-ground.5.2.7 For gonioapparent materials, identify th
24、e direction ofillumination and viewing relative to the specimen.5.2.8 Conditioning, if any.NOTE 1When specimens are measured behind glass or other material,specify thickness and material type. In addition, specify the method usedfor data correction.6. Identification of Instrument6.1 Sufficient descr
25、iption of the instrumentation shall beprovided to enable one of ordinary skill in the art to reproducethe measurement. The make and model number of the instru-ment used shall be reported.6.2 For interlaboratory comparisons, long-term studies, andmeasurements used to document conformance to a colorsp
26、ecification, the physical properties of the instrument shall beidentified by it, as follows:6.2.1 Mode of Measurementsuch as transmittance factor,reflectance factor, total radiance factor, etc.6.2.2 Geometric Properties of Instrumentfor multi-anglespectrophotometers following Practice E 2175 or for
27、all othersfollowing Practice E 1767 the influx geometry and efluxgeometry including aperture angles and sizes.6.2.3 Specular Componentwhere hemispherical illumina-tion or view is employed, or both, but the specular light isexcluded by means of a light trap, designate by the words“specular excluded.”
28、 If a light trap is used, details of its size,shape, and position should be given. Conversely, when thespecular component of light is included, specify “specularincluded.”6.2.4 Give aperture size and shape through which speci-mens are exposed for measurement and any glass or plasticintervening windo
29、w(s). Also, note the area of specimen actu-ally illuminated or viewed.NOTE 2Measurements of some type of specimens (for example,pearlescent, metal flake or retroreflective materials) may require differentand multiple geometries. In these cases, specify the details of all thegeometries used. See Prac
30、tices E 2175 and E 2194.6.3 Spectral Properties of Instrument:6.3.1 Identify spectral power distribution illuminating thespecimen and spectral response of receiver system. The spec-tral characteristics of the instrument will be affected by thespectral transmittance of filters or other wavelength sel
31、ectivedevices in either the illuminating or viewing beams. Forphotoluminescent specimens, the spectral distribution shouldbe reported in terms of its conformance to a standard illuminantas outlined in CIE Publication 51 and Practice E 991. Fornon-photoluminescent specimens, the spectral distribution
32、 il-luminating the specimen can be reported in terms of itsconformance to a standard illuminant or its correlated colortemperature.6.3.2 In the absence of a detailed spectral power distributionas in 6.3.1, identify illumination with other terms that indicatethe general spectral content, for example:
33、 (1) CIE Source A(gas-filled tungsten lamp at 2856 K correlated color tempera-ture), (2) CIE Source C,(3) simulated daylight D65 (1)5,(4)simulated daylight D65 (1) with pulsed xenon lamp with uvcontrol, (5) light emitting diodes (LEDs), etc.6.3.3 Identify the type and number of dispersive elementson
34、 the instrument. Also indicate the spectral bandwidth of themonochromator or identify it as variable if it is.7. Identification of Standards Used7.1 Reference StandardThe reference white reflectancestandard should be the perfect reflecting diffuser. PracticeE 259 describes the preparation of referen
35、ce white reflectancestandards.7.2 Instrument StandardIdentify instrument workingstandard used.7.3 Product StandardIdentify the product standard if usedin the measurements.8. Data8.1 Identify how many readings were made on each speci-men and standard to obtain the test result, indicate if thereadings
36、 are averaged, and indicate whether or not the speci-men was changed in position, rotated, or otherwise handledduring the measurement. See Practice E 1345.8.2 It is important not to imply false precision or accuracy.Therefore, report all data with the appropriate number ofsignificant figures.8.3 Som
37、e specimens (particularly textiles, pulp and paper)are sensitive to variations in temperature (thermochromism)and humidity (hygrochromism). In those cases, these condi-tions should be recorded.8.4 In addition, some colorants exhibit reversible colorchanges (photochromism) upon exposure to strong sou
38、rces ofillumination. In those cases, when using instruments withdirect illumination by strong broad-band sources, the time of5The boldface numbers in parentheses refer to the list of references at the end ofthis practice.E805063exposure to the instruments measurement port shall be kept toa minimum,
39、and time shall be recorded.9. Color Scales9.1 IlluminantFor non-photoluminescent specimens, theilluminant used in the computation of color coordinates fromspectral data may have a different spectral power distributionfrom that of the instrument source (see 6.2.4), the former beingnormally one of the
40、 CIE illuminants (A, C,orD65) identifiedin Table 1.1.1 of Ref (1) and in Practice E 308. In the case ofphotoluminescent specimens being measured on instrumentswith polychromatic illumination and a dispersing elementbetween the specimen and detector, the spectral distribution ofthe illuminant used fo
41、r the computation of color coordinatesfrom spectral data shall be the same as that of the instrumentilluminator.9.2 Standard ObserverIdentify Standard Observer as CIE1931 (2) or CIE 1964 (10). (See Ref (2), Tables 2.1 and 2.2,respectively, and Practice E 308 or E 2153 for photolumines-cent specimens
42、.)9.3 Identify the wavelength interval used for tristimulusintegration of spectral data and the origin of the tristimulusweighting factors used (see Practice E 308 or E 2153 forphotoluminescent specimens.).9.4 Color ScalesIdentify color scales as either:9.4.1 Trichromatic Color Scales including:9.4.
43、1.1 Tristimulus Values (X, Y, Z) (Ref (1) and PracticeE 308 or E 2153 for photoluminescent specimens.)9.4.1.2 Tristimulus Value Y and chromaticity coordinates xand y (Ref (1) and Practice E 308).9.4.1.3 Opponent-Color Scales. (Reference standard whitecolor remains at L = 100, a =0, b = 0, regardless
44、 of theilluminant, but color values for other specimens change withilluminant.)(a) CIE 1976 L*, a*, b* (CIELAB) (Ref (1), Practice E 308and Practice D 2244).NOTE 3Other scales occasionally used are:(a) Hunter L8,a8,b8 scales for clear liquids and bare metals (2).(b) CIE 1976 L*, u*, v* (CIELUV) (1).
45、(c) Munsell Color Notation by visual or instrumental means (PracticeD 1535).(d) Hunter LH,aH,bH(1958) (2) and Practice D 2244.9.4.2 The following scales used exclusively for color dif-ference:9.4.2.1 CMC (Ref (3), and9.4.2.2 CIE94 (Ref (4).9.4.2.3 DIN99 (DIN 6176 and Practice D 2244).9.4.2.4 CIEDE20
46、00 (Ref (5) and Practice D 2244).NOTE 4State the color difference equation used and all the values forall the variable parameters in the equation.9.4.3 One-dimensional Color Scales including:9.4.3.1 Gardner Color Scale (Test Method D 6166).9.4.3.2 Platinum Cobalt Color Scale (Test Method D 5386).NOT
47、E 5Some one-dimensional color scales are calculated from thetristimulus values measured, see Practice E 313.10. Report Form10.1 A sample report form is given in Fig. 1.11. Keywords11.1 color; color difference; colorimetry; data format; docu-mentation; instrumental measurementcolor/light; reflectance
48、and reflectivity; spectrophotometry; transmittance andreflectanceREFERENCES(1) CIE Publication No. 15.2, Colorimetry 2d ed., Central Bureau of theCIE, Vienna, 1986, available from USNC-CIE Publications Office, c/oTLALighting Consultants, Inc., 72 LoringAvenue, Salem, MA01970.(2) Hunter, R. S., and H
49、arold, R. W., The Measurement of Appearance,2ded., John Wiley and Sons, Inc., New York, N. Y., 1987.(3) McDonald, R., “Acceptability and Perceptibility Decisions Using theCMC Colour Difference Formula,” Textile Chemist and Colorists ,Vol20, No. 6, 1988, pp. 3137, and Errata, Vol. 20, No. 8, 1998, p. 10.(4) CIE Publication No. 1161995, Industrial Colour-Difference Evalua-tion, Vienna, 1995, available from UNNC-CIE Publications Office, c/oTLALighting Consultants, Inc., 72 LoringAvenue, Salem, MA01970.(5) Commission International de LEclairage, Technical
