1、Designation: E549 87 (Reapproved 2014)Standard Guide forPreparing Field Sprayer Calibration Procedures1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E549; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revis
2、ion. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This guide is for those who prepare field sprayercalibration procedures. The purpose is to encourage methodsthat will improve un
3、iformity, accuracy, and safety of pesticideapplication with field sprayers.1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded asstandard. The values given in parentheses are mathematicalconversions to inch-pound units that are provided for informa-tion only and are not considered standard.1.3 This
4、 standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific hazardsta
5、tements see Section 4.2. Significance and Use2.1 This guide provides information on the calibration ofboom-type field sprayers used for broadcast, band, or rowapplications. It is easily adapted to boomless and air-carriertype sprayers for broadcast applications and to rotary atomizerssuch as spinnin
6、g disks. A single calibration procedure that isapplicable in all situations is not feasible because of the natureof the variables involved in pesticide application. Electroniccontrollers and other aids should be calibrated by one of thesemethods.3. Apparatus3.1 Apparatus needed will depend on the me
7、thod of cali-bration. Common items include the following:3.1.1 Measuring DeviceTape of at least 25 m (50 ft) inlength, or other suitable measuring devices.3.1.2 Marking DevicesStakes or flags for marking ameasured course.3.1.3 Container, large enough to collect nozzle output for 30s, and graduated t
8、o allow accuracy within 1 %.3.1.4 Pressure Gage, accurate and of the proper range.3.1.5 Timing DeviceA watch with a sweep second hand,or a stop watch.4. Hazards4.1 A cautionary statement for the safe handling, storage,and disposal of agricultural chemicals shall be included withapplicator calibratio
9、n procedures.4.2 Use water alone to calibrate the sprayer unless the flowrate of the actual spray mixture varies more than 5 % from theflow rate of water. (See 5.1.1.2.)4.3 Calibration with Actual Spray Mixture:4.3.1 Wear suitable approved safety equipment and protec-tive clothing. Avoid contact wit
10、h the spray.4.3.2 Avoid contamination of the area. Collect all nozzleoutput. Calibrate only when the wind speed is below 8 km/h (5mph).5. Recommendations5.1 The volume of spray material applied to a given areadepends on three variables. Each variable must be determinedwhen developing a specific cali
11、bration procedure.5.1.1 Nozzle Flow RateThe nozzle flow rate varies withthe following:5.1.1.1 Nozzle CapacitySelect the orifice size that willbest fit the requirements of application, volume, pressure, andground speed.5.1.1.2 Nature of FluidIf the spray mixture will be alteredconsiderably by the add
12、ition of adjuvants, compare the flowrate of the mixture to that of water. If the rate difference is 5 %or more, use the actual spray mixture in the calibration.5.1.1.3 Fluid PressureA constant pressure should bemaintained to achieve uniform application. Flow rate is gen-erally proportional to the sq
13、uare root of the pressure dropacross the nozzle.5.1.2 Ground Speed of SprayerThis does not apply toground-driven pumps. This parameter has an inverse relation-ship to the spray volume. It is the easiest factor to change forminor corrections in the application rate. Ground speed shouldbe maintained u
14、niformly for uniform application, even whenground-driven pumps or electronic controllers are used.5.1.3 Sprayed Width per NozzleCalibration proceduresshould be used to determine the amount (in litres or gallons) ofliquid applied per unit area (hectare or acre) actually treated1This guide is under th
15、e jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E35 on Pesticides,Antimicrobials, and Alternative Control Agentsand is the direct responsibility ofSubcommittee E35.22 on Pesticide Formulations and Delivery Systems.Current edition approved Oct. 1, 2014. Published December 2014. Originallyapproved in 1975. Last prev
16、ious edition approved in 2008 as E549 87 (2008).DOI: 10.1520/E0549-87R12.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States1with the agricultural chemical. For band application, the areatreated is the area in the band and not the area of
17、 croplandcovered. Some pesticide recommendations are based on thearea of cropland covered rather than the area actually sprayed.In these cases, the spray width used in the calibration should bebased on the row spacing and not on the band width. See Notein 7.1.6. Calibration6.1 Perform the following
18、basic steps for the calibration offield sprayers:6.1.1 Nozzle Tip Selection:6.1.1.1 Considering the label recommendations and fieldcondition, select a spray application rate pressure and anoperating speed.6.1.1.2 From the spray width, speed, and spray applicationrate, determine the nozzle output req
19、uired in 7.1.2.6.1.1.3 Select a nozzle tip that will give the required outputwhen operating within the recommended pressure range.6.1.2 Pre-Calibration CheckBe sure that all sprayer partsare free of foreign material and are functioning properly.Inspect the nozzle tips and internal parts for obvious
20、wear,defects, proper size, and type. Check the flow rate of eachnozzle using water at the planned operating pressure foruniform output, equal fan angle, and uniform appearance ofspray pattern. Replace any nozzle tips having a flow 5 % moreor less than the average of the other nozzles checked, or tho
21、sehaving obviously different fan angles or patterns, or both.Recheck any nozzles that have been changed.6.1.3 AdjustmentsThe following adjustments can be madeto obtain desired spray application rate:6.1.3.1 Change the normal operating speed to adjust outputif the change is under 25 %.6.1.3.2 Change
22、the operating pressure to adjust only withinthe recommended pressure range. A greater range may affectthe drop size or pattern excessively.6.1.3.3 Change the nozzle tips to obtain volume changesgreater than 25 %.6.1.4 Course LengthLay out a measured course with anaccuracy of 0.5 % in the field where
23、 spraying will take place orin similar soil and terrain conditions. The course lengthdepends on the travel speed or the spray width and sprayvolume. The course should be long enough so that an accuratemeasure of time (at least 15 s) or of spray volume (at least10 % of the tank volume), whichever met
24、hod is used, can bemade.6.1.5 Calibration Methods:6.1.5.1 Procedure AThe liquid sprayed from one or morenozzles is accurately determined while operating (a) over themeasured course; (b) over the period of time equivalent to thetravel time over the course; or (c) for a given time such as 1min. Select
25、 representative nozzles and maintain the desiredoperating pressure. Determine the spray application rate inaccordance with 7.1.2 if technique (a)or(b) is used. Determinethe spray application rate in accordance with 7.1.1, if technique(c) is employed.6.1.5.2 Procedure BThe amount required to refill t
26、he tankis measured after operation as in technique (a)or(b)ofProcedureA, or (c) for a suitable given time such as 5 min. Usean accurate liquid level mark, or fill the tank to overflowingbefore a calibration run; and then measure the amount requiredto refill to overflowing after the run. The boom and
27、 lines shouldbe full before and after operation. For accurate measurement,the sprayer must be in exactly the same position (preferablylevel) before and after operation. Determine the spray applica-tion rate using the equation in 7.2.6.1.6 RecalibrationRecalibration is required periodicallybecause of
28、 nozzle wear, and to compensate for any changes inthe variables listed in Section 5.7. Calculation7.1 Calculate spray application rate and nozzle output fromthe following equations:V 5K 3QS 3Wor (1)Q 5V 3W 3SK(2)where:V = spray application rate in litres per hectare (or gallonsper acre),K = constant
29、 60 000 (SI equivalent) or 5940 (U.S. custom-ary units),Q = output per nozzle, in litres/min (or gal/min),S = speed, km/h (or mph), andW = spray width, cm (or in.).NOTE 1The spray width, W, includes the following:(a) Nozzle spacing for boom spraying,(b) Spray swath width for boomless spraying,(c) Ba
30、nd width for band spraying, and(d) For some row crop plant applications, the spray widthper nozzle is equal to the row spacing (or band width) dividedby the number of nozzles per row (or band).7.2 The spray application rate may also be calculated asfollows:spray volume 5quantity usedarea treated(3)w
31、here:spray application rate is expressed in volume per unit area,quantity used is the volume of liquid in litres (or gallons)used by the nozzle or boom on a measured course or in theequivalent time, andarea treated is the area actually treated in hectares (or acres)or the area that would be treated
32、in the time used to measure thequantity sprayed.7.3 There are several good methods for calculating sprayvolume and nozzle output other than those mentioned in 7.1.Nomographs, charts, and special slide rules are examples.Calculations are aided by selecting a measured course length sothat an even deci
33、mal or fractional part of a hectare (or acre) iscovered.8. Keywords8.1 agricultural; calibration; equipment; nozzle; pesticide;sprayerE549 87 (2014)2ASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item mentionedin this standard. Users
34、 of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such patent rights, and the riskof infringement of such rights, are entirely their own responsibility.This standard is subject to revision at any time by the responsible technical committee and must be reviewed every f
35、ive years andif not revised, either reapproved or withdrawn. Your comments are invited either for revision of this standard or for additional standardsand should be addressed to ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of theresponsible technical
36、 committee, which you may attend. If you feel that your comments have not received a fair hearing you shouldmake your views known to the ASTM Committee on Standards, at the address shown below.This standard is copyrighted by ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken,
37、PA 19428-2959,United States. Individual reprints (single or multiple copies) of this standard may be obtained by contacting ASTM at the aboveaddress or at 610-832-9585 (phone), 610-832-9555 (fax), or serviceastm.org (e-mail); or through the ASTM website(www.astm.org). Permission rights to photocopy the standard may also be secured from the Copyright Clearance Center, 222Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, Tel: (978) 646-2600; http:/ 87 (2014)3
