1、Designation: E3020 15Standard Practice forIgnition Sources1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E3020; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the
2、year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This practice describes a series of ignition sources thathave been used and that are potentially applicable to assessingfire-test-response characteristics resulting from t
3、he ignition ofmaterials, products, or assemblies.1.2 This practice does not identify which of the ignitionsources described is applicable to any specific use since that isa function of the associated fire hazard (see also 5.2).1.3 This practice is not necessarily comprehensive and it ispossible that
4、 other applicable ignition sources exist (see also5.3).1.4 This practice describes both flaming and non-flamingignition sources, since the outcome of a non-flaming ignitioncan be the eventual flaming ignition of these materials orproducts (see also 4.2).1.5 This practice does not provide pass/fail c
5、riteria that canbe used as a regulatory tool.1.6 This fire standard cannot be used to provide quantitativemeasures.1.7 Fire testing is inherently hazardous. Adequate safe-guards for personnel and property shall be employed inconducting these tests.1.8 This standard is used to measure and describe th
6、eresponse of materials, products, or assemblies to heat and flameunder controlled conditions, but does not by itself incorporateall factors required for fire hazard or fire risk assessment of thematerials, products, or assemblies under actual fire conditions.1.9 This practice contains notes and foot
7、notes which pro-vide explanatory material. These notes and footnotes (exclud-ing those in tables and figures) shall not be consideredrequirements of the standard.1.10 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded asstandard in referee decisions. No other units of measurementare included in this s
8、tandard. See IEEE/ASTM SI 10 for furtherdetails.1.11 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of re
9、gulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D635 Test Method for Rate of Burning and/or Extent andTime of Burning of Plastics in a Horizontal PositionD1929 Test Method for Determining Ignition Temperatureof PlasticsD3874 Test Method for Ignition of Materials by Hot W
10、ireSourcesD5025 Specification for Laboratory Burner Used for Small-Scale Burning Tests on Plastic MaterialsD5207 Practice for Confirmation of 20mm (50W) and125mm (500W) Test Flames for Small-Scale BurningTests on Plastic MaterialsD5424 Test Method for Smoke Obscuration of InsulatingMaterials Contain
11、ed in Electrical or Optical Fiber CablesWhen Burning in a Vertical Cable Tray ConfigurationD5537 Test Method for Heat Release, Flame Spread, SmokeObscuration, and Mass Loss Testing of Insulating Mate-rials Contained in Electrical or Optical Fiber Cables WhenBurning in a Vertical Cable Tray Configura
12、tionD6194 Test Method for Glow-Wire Ignition of MaterialsE84 Test Method for Surface Burning Characteristics ofBuilding MaterialsE136 Test Method for Behavior of Materials in a VerticalTube Furnace at 750CE176 Terminology of Fire StandardsE662 Test Method for Specific Optical Density of SmokeGenerat
13、ed by Solid MaterialsE906/E906M Test Method for Heat and Visible SmokeRelease Rates for Materials and Products Using a Ther-mopile MethodE1321 Test Method for Determining Material Ignition andFlame Spread Properties1This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E05 on FireStandards and i
14、s the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E05.33 on Fire SafetyEngineering.Current edition approved Aug. 1, 2015. Published September 2015. DOI:10.1520/E3020152For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book o
15、f ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States1E1352 Test Method for Cigarette Ignition Resistance ofMock-Up Upholstered Furniture As
16、sembliesE1353 Test Methods for Cigarette Ignition Resistance ofComponents of Upholstered FurnitureE1354 Test Method for Heat and Visible Smoke ReleaseRates for Materials and Products Using an Oxygen Con-sumption CalorimeterE1537 Test Method for Fire Testing of Upholstered Furni-tureE1590 Test Method
17、 for Fire Testing of MattressesE1822 Test Method for Fire Testing of Stacked ChairsE1995 Test Method for Measurement of Smoke ObscurationUsing a Conical Radiant Source in a Single ClosedChamber, With the Test Specimen Oriented HorizontallyE2058 Test Methods for Measurement of Material Flamma-bility
18、Using a Fire Propagation Apparatus (FPA)E2187 Test Method for Measuring the Ignition Strength ofCigarettesE2574/E2574M Test Method for Fire Testing of School BusSeat AssembliesIEEE/ASTM SI 10 American National Standard for Use ofthe International System of Units (SI): The Modern MetricSystem2.2 Inst
19、itute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers (IEEE)Standards:3IEEE 383 IEEE Standard for Qualifying Class 1E ElectricCables and Field Splices for Nuclear Power GeneratingStationsIEEE 1202 IEEE Standard for Flame Testing of Cables forUse in Cable Tray in Industrial and Commercial Occu-pancies2.3 Inte
20、rnational Organization for Standardization (ISO)Standards:4ISO 871 PlasticsDetermination of Ignition TemperatureUsing a Hot-Air FurnaceISO 5657 Reaction to Fire TestsIgnitability of BuildingProducts Using a Radiant Heat SourceISO 5659-2 PlasticsSmoke Generation Part 2: Determina-tion of Optical Dens
21、ity by a Single-Chamber TestISO 5660-1 Reaction to Fire TestsHeat Release, SmokeProduction and Mass Loss RatePart 1: Heat Release(Cone Calorimeter Method)ISO 8191-1 FurnitureAssessment of the Ignitability ofUpholstered FurniturePart 1: Ignition Source: Smoul-dering CigaretteISO 8191-2 FurnitureAsses
22、sment of the Ignitability ofUpholstered FurniturePart 2: Ignition Source: MatchFlame EquivalentISO 9705 Reaction to Fire TestsFull-Scale Room Test forSurface ProductsISO 12863 Standard Test Method for Assessing the IgnitionPropensity of CigarettesISO 12949 Standard Test Method for Measuring the Heat
23、Release Rate of Low Flammability Mattresses and Mat-tress SetsISO 13943 Fire SafetyVocabulary2.4 International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) Stan-dards:5IEC 60332-1-2 Tests on Electric and Optical Fibre CablesUnder Fire ConditionsPart 1-2: Test for Vertical FlamePropagation for a Single Insulate
24、d Wire or CableProcedure for 1 kW Pre-mixed FlameIEC 60332-2-1 Tests on Electric and Optical Fibre CablesUnder Fire ConditionsPart 2-1: Test for Vertical FlamePropagation for a Single Small Insulated Wire or Cable ApparatusIEC 60332-3-10 Tests on Electric and Optical Fibre CablesUnder Fire Condition
25、sPart 3-10: Test for Vertical FlameSpread of Vertically-mounted Bunched Wires or CablesApparatusIEC 60695-2-10 Fire Hazard TestingPart 2-10: Glowing/Hot-Wire Based Test MethodsGlow-Wire Apparatusand Common Test ProcedureIEC 60695-2-11 Fire Hazard TestingPart 2-11: Glowing/Hot-Wire Based Test Methods
26、Glow-Wire FlammabilityTest Method for End-ProductsIEC/TS 60695-2-20 Fire Hazard TestingPart 2-20:Glowing/Hot-Wire Based Test MethodsHot Wire Igni-tion TestApparatus, Confirmatory Test Arrangementand GuidanceIEC TS 60695-11-2 Fire Hazard TestingPart 11-2: TestFlames1 kW Nominal Pre-Mixed FlameApparat
27、us,Confirmatory Test Arrangement and GuidanceIEC TS 60695-11-3 Fire Hazard TestingPart 11-3: TestFlames50 W FlameApparatus and ConfirmationalTest MethodsIEC TS 60695-11-4 Fire Hazard TestingPart 11-4: TestFlames50 W FlameApparatus and ConfirmationalTest Methods2.5 National Fire Protection Associatio
28、n (NFPA) Stan-dards:6NFPA 260 Methods of Tests and Classification System forCigarette Ignition Resistance of Components of Uphol-stered FurnitureNFPA 261 Method of Test for Determining Resistance ofMock-Up Upholstered Furniture Material Assemblies toIgnition by Smoldering CigarettesNFPA 262 Method o
29、f Test for Flame Travel and Smoke ofWires and Cables for Use in Air-Handling SpacesNFPA 265 Methods of Fire Tests for Evaluating Room FireGrowth Contribution of Textile or Expanded Vinyl WallCoverings on Full Height Panels and WallsNFPA 270 Test Method for Measurement of Smoke Obscu-ration Using a C
30、onical Radiant Source in a Single ClosedChamber3Available from Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. (IEEE),445 Hoes Ln., Piscataway, NJ 08854-4141, http:/www.ieee.org.4Available from International Organization for Standardization (ISO), 1, ch. dela Voie-Creuse, CP 56, CH-1211 Gene
31、va 20, Switzerland, http:/www.iso.org.5Available from International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC), 3, rue deVaremb, P.O. Box 131, CH-1211 Geneva 20, Switzerland, http:/www.iec.ch.6Available from National Fire Protection Association (NFPA), 1 BatterymarchPark, Quincy, MA 02169-7471, http:/www.nfp
32、a.org.E3020 152NFPA 286 Methods of Fire Tests for Evaluating Contribu-tion of Wall and Ceiling Interior Finish to Room FireGrowthNFPA 287 Test Methods for Measurement of Flammabilityof Materials in Cleanrooms Using a Fire PropagationApparatus (FPA)NFPA 289 Method of Fire Test for Individual Fuel Pac
33、kages2.6 Underwriters Laboratories (UL) Standards:7UL 94 Tests for Flammability of Plastic Materials for Partsin Devices and AppliancesUL 1040 Fire Test of Insulated Wall ConstructionUL 1666 Test for Flame Propagation Height of Electricaland Optical-Fiber Cables Installed Vertically in ShaftsUL1685
34、Vertical-Tray Fire-Propagation and Smoke-ReleaseTest for Electrical and Optical-Fiber CablesUL 1715 Standard for Fire Test of Interior Finish Material2.7 Federal Aviation Administration Standard:8Aircraft Material Fire Test Handbook DOT/FAA/AR-00/12,FAA Technical Center, April 20002.8 FM Global Stan
35、dard:9FM 4880 Approval Standard for Class 1 Fire Rating ofInsulated Wall or Wall and Roof/Ceiling PanelsInteriorFinish Materials or Coatings and Exterior Wall Systems2.9 U.S. Department of Commerce Standard:1016 CFR 1633 Standard for the Flammability (Open-Flame)of Mattresses and Mattress and Founda
36、tion Sets3. Terminology3.1 Use Terminology E176 or ISO 13943 for definitions ofterms used in this test method and associated with fire issues.Where differences exist in definitions, those contained inTerminology E176 shall be used.3.2 Definitions:3.2.1 ignition, nthe initiation of combustion.3.2.1.1
37、 DiscussionThe combustion may be evidenced byglow, flame, detonation, or explosion. The combustion may besustained or transient. E1763.2.2 piloted ignition, nignition of combustible gases orvapors by a pilot source of ignition (compare spontaneousignition, unpiloted ignition). E1763.2.3 pilot source
38、 of ignition, na discrete source of energy,such as, for example, a flame, spark, electrical arc, or glowingwire (compare piloted ignition, unpiloted ignition). E1763.2.4 smoldering, ncombustion of a solid without flame,often evidenced by visible smoke.3.2.4.1 DiscussionSmoldering can be initiated by
39、 smallsources of ignition, especially in dusts or fibrous or porousmaterials, and may persist for an extended period of time afterwhich a flame may be produced. E1763.2.5 spontaneous ignition, nunpiloted ignition caused byan internal exothermic reaction (compare piloted ignition).E1763.2.6 sustained
40、 flaming, nflame on or over the surface ofa test specimen that lasts longer than a defined period of time(contrast transitory flaming).3.2.6.1 DiscussionTypically, the same defined period isused to define “transitory flaming.” See the specific standardtest method for applicable defined period of tim
41、e. E1763.2.7 transitory flaming, nflame on or over the surface ofa test specimen that does not last longer than a defined periodof time (contrast sustained flaming).3.2.7.1 DiscussionTypically, the same defined period oftime is used to define “sustained flaming.” See the specificstandard test method
42、 for applicable defined period of time.E1763.2.8 unpiloted ignition, nignition caused by one or moresources of energy without the presence of a pilot source ofignition (compare piloted ignition, spontaneous ignition). E1764. Summary of Practice4.1 This practice describes a series of standard ignitio
43、nsources used in test methods, specifications, or regulations toassess fire-test-response characteristics of materials, products,or assemblies.4.2 These ignition sources include those that assess theresponse to non-flaming ignition sources, including smolderingcigarettes, glow wires, hot wires, and
44、radiant heat sources.4.3 These ignition sources include those that assess theresponse to flaming ignition sources, including both premixedflames and diffusion flames.4.4 This practice does not offer pass/fail criteria.4.5 The information included in this practice is representa-tive of the ignition s
45、ources in the various standards at the timethis practice was written. Users of this practice are encouragedto consult the latest edition of any standard at the time ofproposed use of an ignition source.5. Significance and Use5.1 A variety of standard test methods, specifications, andregulations have
46、 been issued by a number of different standardsdeveloping organizations and regulatory authorities that con-tain ignition sources used to assess fire-test-response charac-teristics associated with flaming and non-flaming ignition. Thispractice describes such ignition sources and provides informa-tio
47、n on the standard method in which they are described.5.2 The ignition source to be chosen for any specific useneeds to be relevant to the fire hazard associated with theintended application. Neither the scope of the standard con-taining the ignition source nor any other aspect of the standardhas any
48、 bearing on the use of the ignition source for anotherapplication.5.3 This practice is not expected to be a fully comprehen-sive list of ignition sources. If additional ignition sources areidentified they can be added to the practice.7Available from Underwriters Laboratories (UL), 2600 N.W. Lake Rd.
49、, Camas,WA 98607-8542, http:/.8Available from Federal Aviation Administration (FAA), 800 IndependenceAve., SW, Washington, DC 20591, http:/www.faa.gov.9Available from FM Global, Norwood, MA, .10Available from U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission, Washington, DC,20207.E3020 1535.4 This practice does not describe test specimen prepara-tion or detailed testing procedures for the materials or products.5.5 This practice does not address limitations associatedwith the ignition sources described in this
