1、Designation: D 6448 09Standard Specification forIndustrial Burner Fuels from Used Lubricating Oils1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 6448; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revisio
2、n. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope*1.1 This specification covers four grades of fuel oil made inwhole or in part with hydrocarbon-based used or reprocessedlubricating o
3、il or functional fluids, such as preservative andhydraulic fluids. The four grades of fuel are intended for use invarious types of fuel-oil-burning industrial equipment undervarious climatic and operating conditions. These fuels are notintended for use in residential heaters, small commercialboilers
4、, combustion engines, or marine applications,1.1.1 Grades RFO4, RFO5L, RFO5H, and RFO6 are usedlubricating oil blends, with or without distillate or residual fueloil, or both, of increasing viscosity and are intended for use inindustrial burners equipped to handle these types of recycledfuels.NOTE 1
5、For information on the significance of the terminology andtest methods used in this specification, see Appendix X1.1.2 This specification is for use in contracts for the purchaseof fuel oils derived from used lubricating oil and for theguidance of consumers of such fuels. This specification doesnot
6、address the frequency with which any particular test mustbe run.1.3 Nothing in this specification shall preclude observanceof national or local regulations, which can be more restrictive.In some jurisdictions, used oil is considered a hazardous wasteand fuels from used oil are required to meet certa
7、in criteriabefore use as a fuel.NOTE 2For United States federal requirements imposed on used oilgenerators, transporters and transfer facilities, reprocessors, marketers,and burners, see 40 CFR 279.NOTE 3The generation and dissipation of static electricity can createproblems in the handling of disti
8、llate burner fuel oils. For more informa-tion on the subject, see Guide D 4865.1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded asstandard; non-SI units, when given, are for information only.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D56 Test Method for Flash Point by Tag Closed Cup TesterD93 Te
9、st Methods for Flash Point by Pensky-MartensClosed Cup TesterD95 Test Method for Water in Petroleum Products andBituminous Materials by DistillationD96 Test Method for Water and Sediment in Crude Oil byCentrifuge Method Field Procedure3D97 Test Method for Pour Point of Petroleum ProductsD 129 Test M
10、ethod for Sulfur in Petroleum Products (Gen-eral Bomb Method)D 240 Test Method for Heat of Combustion of LiquidHydrocarbon Fuels by Bomb CalorimeterD 396 Specification for Fuel OilsD 445 Test Method for Kinematic Viscosity of Transparentand Opaque Liquids (and Calculation of Dynamic Viscos-ity)D 473
11、 Test Method for Sediment in Crude Oils and FuelOils by the Extraction MethodD 482 Test Method for Ash from Petroleum ProductsD 1217 Test Method for Density and Relative Density(Specific Gravity) of Liquids by Bingham PycnometerD 1250 Guide for Use of the Petroleum MeasurementTablesD 1266 Test Metho
12、d for Sulfur in Petroleum Products(Lamp Method)D 1298 Test Method for Density, Relative Density (SpecificGravity), or API Gravity of Crude Petroleum and LiquidPetroleum Products by Hydrometer MethodD 1480 Test Method for Density and Relative Density(Specific Gravity) of Viscous Materials by Bingham
13、Pyc-nometerD 1481 Test Method for Density and Relative Density1This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 onPetroleum Products and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of SubcommitteeD02.P0 on Recycled Products.Current edition approved June 15, 2009. Published July 200
14、9. Originallyapproved in 1999. Last previous edition approved in 2004 as D 644804.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary pag
15、e onthe ASTM website.3Withdrawn. The last approved version of this historical standard is referencedon www.astm.org.1*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.(Sp
16、ecific Gravity) of Viscous Materials by Lipkin Bicap-illary PycnometerD 1552 Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum Products(High-Temperature Method)D 1796 Test Method for Water and Sediment in Fuel Oils bythe Centrifuge Method (Laboratory Procedure)D 2622 Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum Products b
17、yWavelength Dispersive X-ray Fluorescence SpectrometryD 2709 Test Method for Water and Sediment in MiddleDistillate Fuels by CentrifugeD 2983 Test Method for Low-Temperature Viscosity ofLubricants Measured by Brookfield ViscometerD 3245 Test Method for Pumpability of Industrial Fuel OilsD 3828 Test
18、Methods for Flash Point by Small Scale ClosedCup TesterD 4052 Test Method for Density and Relative Density ofLiquids by Digital Density MeterD 4057 Practice for Manual Sampling of Petroleum andPetroleum ProductsD 4175 Terminology Relating to Petroleum, PetroleumProducts, and LubricantsD 4177 Practic
19、e for Automatic Sampling of Petroleum andPetroleum ProductsD 4294 Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum and PetroleumProducts by Energy Dispersive X-ray Fluorescence Spec-trometryD 4377 Test Method for Water in Crude Oils by Potentio-metric Karl Fischer TitrationD 4865 Guide for Generation and Dissipa
20、tion of StaticElectricity in Petroleum Fuel SystemsD 4868 Test Method for Estimation of Net and Gross Heatof Combustion of Burner and Diesel FuelsD 4980 Test Methods for Screening of pH in Waste4D 5185 Test Method for Determination of Additive Ele-ments, Wear Metals, and Contaminants in Used Lubrica
21、t-ing Oils and Determination of Selected Elements in BaseOils by Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic EmissionSpectrometry (ICP-AES)D 6304 Test Method for Determination of Water in Petro-leum Products, Lubricating Oils, and Additives by Coulo-metric Karl Fischer TitrationD 6450 Test Method for Flash Po
22、int by ContinuouslyClosed Cup (CCCFP) TesterD 6822 Test Method for Density, Relative Density, and APIGravity of Crude Petroleum and Liquid Petroleum Prod-ucts by Thermohydrometer MethodD 7042 Test Method for Dynamic Viscosity and Density ofLiquids by Stabinger Viscometer (and the Calculation ofKinem
23、atic Viscosity)2.2 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Standards:5EPA 600/4-79-020 Determination of Inorganic Anions byIon ChromatographyEPA SW-846 Method 9000 Determination of Water inWaste Materials by Karl Fisher TitrationEPA SW-846 Method 9001 Determination of Water inWaste Lubricants by Quanti
24、tative Calcium Hydride Reac-tionEPA SW-846 Method 9056 Determination of InorganicAnions by Ion Chromatography2.3 Federal Code of Regulations Standards:640 CFR 279 Standards for the Management of Used Oil3. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 burner fuel oil, nany petroleum liquid suitable forthe genera
25、tion of heat by combustion in a furnace or firebox asa vapor or a spray, or a combination of both.3.1.1.1 DiscussionDifferent grades are characterized pri-marily by viscosity ranges.3.1.2 reclaiming, nthe use of cleaning methods duringrecycling primarily to remove insoluble contaminants, thusmaking
26、the oil suitable for further use. The methods mayinclude settling, heating, dehydration, filtration, and centrifug-ing.3.1.3 recycling, nin petroleum technology, the acquisitionof oil that has become unsuitable for its intended use, andprocessing it to regain useful materials.3.1.4 re-refining, nthe
27、 use of refining processes duringrecycling to produce high quality base stocks for lubricants orother petroleum products. Re-refining may include one or moreof the following: distillation, hydrotreating, or treatmentsemploying acid, caustic, solvent, clay, or other chemicals, orcombination thereof.3
28、.1.5 used oil, nin petroleum product recycling, oil whosecharacteristics have changed since being originally manufac-tured, and that is suitable for recycling.3.1.6 waste oil, nin petroleum technology, oil havingcharacteristics making it unsuitable either for further use or foreconomic recycling.3.2
29、 For definitions of other terms used in this specification,refer to Terminology D 4175.3.3 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.3.1 industrial burner, na device that produces heat forindustrial use through the combustion of liquid hydrocarbonfuels.3.3.1.1 DiscussionIndustrial burners are
30、 typically de-signed for one of two applications:(a) industrial furnacesintegral components of manufac-turing processes that provide direct heating, for example, inaggregate, cement, lime, or phosphate kilns; coke ovens; orblast, smelting, melting, refining, or drying ovens.(b) industrial boilerslar
31、ge indirect heating units thattransfer thermal energy to water or other fluids or gases for usein heating in industrial settings and in manufacturing processes3.3.2 reprocessing, nin petroleum product recycling, thepreparation of used oil to be suitable as a fuel.4Withdrawn. The last approved versio
32、n of this historical standard is referencedon www.astm.org.5Available from United States Environmental Protection Agency (US-EPA),Ariel Rios Bldg., Pennsylvania Ave., NW, Washington D.C. 20460. (www.epa.gov/epaoswer/hazwaste/test/main.htm.6National Archives and Records Administration, Code of Federa
33、l Regulations(CFR), Available from U.S. Government Printing Office Superintendent of Docu-ments, 732 N. Capitol St., NW, Mail Stop: SDE, Washington, DC 20401.www.gpoaccess.gov/cfr/index.html.D64480923.3.2.1 DiscussionReprocessing includes procedures suchas settling, filtration, blending, distillatio
34、n, and chemical treat-ment.4. Classification4.1 There are four grades of industrial burner fuel contain-ing recycled lubricating oils covered by this specification.These grades may or may not correlate directly with similargrades in other ASTM standards. The RFO designation iden-tifies them as Repro
35、cessed Fuel Oils. The usage descriptions ofeach grade may not describe all the uses, but are included asgeneral information. The four grades are described as follows:4.1.1 Grade RFO4Primarily a blend of used lubricatingoils and distillate or a reprocessed distillate product derivedfrom used oil. It
36、is intended for use in pressure atomizingindustrial burners with no preheating. This grade of recycledoil fuel is used in many medium capacity industrial burnerswhere ease of handling justifies the higher cost over the heavierused oil fuels.4.1.2 Grade RFO5LA straight (100 %) used lubricatingoil ble
37、nd or a used lubricating oil and distillate blend fuel ofintermediate viscosity, heavier than Grade RFO4. It is intendedfor use both in pressure-atomizing industrial burners notrequiring higher cost distillates and in burners equipped toatomize oils of higher viscosity with or without pre-heating. I
38、tspermissible viscosity range allows it to be pumped andatomized at relatively low-storage temperatures.4.1.3 Grade RFO5HA straight (100 %) used lubricatingoil blend or a used lubricating oil and residual blend fuel,heavier than Grade RFO5L. It is intended for use in industrialburners equipped with
39、devices that atomize oil of higherviscosity than domestic burners can handle. Preheating may benecessary in some types of equipment for burning and in colderclimates for handling.4.1.4 Grade RFO6A high-viscosity used lubricating oiland residual blend fuel, heavier than Grade RFO5H. It isintended for
40、 use in large industrial heaters and may requirepreheating in the storage tank to permit pumping. Additionalpreheating at the burner may be necessary to permit satisfac-tory atomization. The extra equipment and maintenance re-quired to handle this fuel usually preclude its use in smallinstallations.
41、5. General Requirements5.1 The fuel oils specified herein shall contain a minimumof 25 % (volume) of used lubricating oil-derived products, thebalance being a Specification D 396 fuel oil or suitable refinerystocks.5.2 The fuel oils shall be homogeneous fluids consistingprimarily of hydrocarbons. Fu
42、el oils containing residual com-ponents shall remain uniform in storage and shall not separateby gravity or aging into layers in normal operating conditions.NOTE 4Prolonged storage or equipment down time may necessitatecirculation of the fuel oil in-tank to prevent such separation.5.3 The fuel oil s
43、hall not contain excessive amounts oforganic or inorganic acids, or both, and shall be free of solid orfibrous matter that could cause system handling or maintenanceproblems. The buyer and seller should agree on any require-ments for particle size.NOTE 5The fuels defined by this specification are ap
44、propriate only forburners capable of handling and combusting fuels with potentially highermetals and ash content.6. Detailed Requirements6.1 Grade RFO4The requirements for this type of fuel arepresented in Table 1 and include fuels in the viscosity rangebelow 5 mm2/s (cSt) at 100C in accordance with
45、 Test MethodD 445.6.2 Grade RFO5LThe requirements for this type of fuelare presented in Table 1 and include fuels in the viscosity range5.0 to 8.9 mm2/s (cSt) at 100C in accordance with TestMethod D 445.TABLE 1 Detailed Requirements for Industrial Burner Fuels from Used Lubricating OilsProperties Me
46、thodAProposed LimitsBRFO4 RFO5L RFO5H RFO6Physical:Viscosity 100C mm2/sCD 445minimum . . . . . . 5.0 9.0 15.0maximum . . . 5.0 8.9 14.9 50.0Flash point, C (F), min D93 38 (100) 55 (130) 55 (130) 60 (140)Water 2.0 % for RFO 6; Filtration may be required to obtain appropriate particle size for use.EDe
47、nsity in kg/L at 15C multiplied by 1000 = Kg/m3.FLocal jurisdictions may limit the sulphur content in burner fuels.GAssumes 7.5 lb/US gal.D64480936.3 Grade RFO5HThe requirements for this type of fuelare presented in Table 1 and include fuels in the viscosity range9.0 to 14.9 mm2/s (cSt) at 100C in a
48、ccordance with TestMethod D 445.6.4 Grade RFO6The requirements for this type of fuel arepresented in Table 1 and include fuels in the viscosity range15.0 to 50.0 mm2/s (cSt) at 100C in accordance with TestMethod D 445.NOTE 6In the United States, fuel must also meet EnvironmentalProtection Agency on-
49、specification parameters for recycled used oil fuelsas defined under 40 CFR 279.11.6.5 The properties listed in this specification are those ofgreatest significance in obtaining acceptable performance ofthe burner. Only referee test methods are shown in Table 1.(See Section 7 for alternate test methods and Appendix X1 forsignificance of test requirements).6.6 A representative sample shall be obtained for testing.Practice D 4057 or D 4177 or other comparable samplingstandards should be followed. In case of dispute, PracticeD 4057 shall be the refer
