1、Designation: D619 14 An American National StandardStandard Test Methods forVulcanized Fibre Used for Electrical Insulation1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D619; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, th
2、e year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope*1.1 These test methods cover the procedures for testingvulcanized fibre sheets, tubes, and rods of such grades
3、as canbe used for electrical insulation.1.2 The procedures appear in the following sections:Procedure SectionArc resistance 23Ash 6Bond strength (ply adhesion) 16Bursting strength 14Compressive strength 12, 25, 30Conditioning 4Density 17, 26, 32Dielectric strength 18, 27Dimensional measurements 28,
4、33Flammability 22Flexural strength 13, 31Silica 7Tearing strength 11Tensile strength 10, 24, 29Thickness (sheets) 20Resistance to impact 15Rockwell hardness 19Volatile matter 8Water absorption 5Zinc chloride 91.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regardedas the standard. The SI values
5、given in parentheses are forinformation only.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regula
6、tory limitations prior to use. Specific hazardstatements are given in 7.3, 22.1, 22.2.NOTE 1The test methods described herein are similar technically tothose described in IEC Publication 60667-2. Not all of the tests in thisdocument are included in IEC 60667-2, and the procedures in the twopublicati
7、ons are not completely identical; but it is expected that compa-rable results will be obtained from most of the procedures. Conductcomparative tests if necessary before directly comparing results of testsusing the different procedures.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D149 Test Method for D
8、ielectric Breakdown Voltage andDielectric Strength of Solid Electrical Insulating Materialsat Commercial Power FrequenciesD202 Test Methods for Sampling and Testing UntreatedPaper Used for Electrical InsulationD229 Test Methods for Rigid Sheet and Plate MaterialsUsed for Electrical InsulationD256 Te
9、st Methods for Determining the Izod PendulumImpact Resistance of PlasticsD348 Test Methods for Rigid Tubes Used for ElectricalInsulationD349 Test Methods for Laminated Round Rods Used forElectrical InsulationD374 Test Methods for Thickness of Solid Electrical Insu-lation (Withdrawn 2013)3D495 Test M
10、ethod for High-Voltage, Low-Current, Dry ArcResistance of Solid Electrical InsulationD570 Test Method for Water Absorption of PlasticsD668 Test Methods of Measuring Dimensions of Rigid Rodsand Tubes Used for Electrical InsulationD689 Test Method for Internal Tearing Resistance of Paper(Withdrawn 200
11、9)3D695 Test Method for Compressive Properties of RigidPlasticsD710 Specification for Vulcanized Fibre Sheets, Rods, andTubes Used for Electrical InsulationD785 Test Method for Rockwell Hardness of Plastics andElectrical Insulating MaterialsD792 Test Methods for Density and Specific Gravity (Rela-ti
12、ve Density) of Plastics by DisplacementD828 Test Method for Tensile Properties of Paper andPaperboard Using Constant-Rate-of-ElongationApparatus(Withdrawn 2009)31These test methods are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D09 onElectrical and Electronic Insulating Materials and are the direct re
13、sponsibility ofSubcommittee D09.07 on Flexible and Rigid Insulating MaterialsCurrent edition approved Nov. 1, 2014. Published December 2014. Originallyapproved in 1941. Last previous edition approved in 2004 as D619 99 (2004)which was withdrawn January 2013 and reinstated in November 2014. DOI:10.15
14、20/D0619-14.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3The last approved version of this historical sta
15、ndard is referenced onwww.astm.org.*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standardCopyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States1D952 Test Method for Bond or Cohesive Strength of SheetPlastics and Electrical Insulat
16、ing MaterialsD1711 Terminology Relating to Electrical InsulationD6054 Practice for Conditioning Electrical Insulating Mate-rials for Testing (Withdrawn 2012)32.2 IEC Standard:IEC 60667-2 Specification for Vulcanized Fibre for Electri-cal PurposesPart 2: Methods of Test43. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsF
17、or definitions of terms used in this stan-dard refer to Terminology D1711.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 In referring to the cutting of specimens and theapplication of the load, the following definitions of termsapply. These definitions of terms correspond to normal practic
18、ein the paper industry.3.2.2 vulcanized fibre, na material made from chemicallygelatinized cellulosic paper or board using zinc chloride as thegelatinizing agent.3.2.2.1 DiscussionThe zinc chloride is subsequently re-moved by leaching. The resulting product, after being driedand finished by calender
19、ing, is a material of partially regener-ated cellulose in which the fibrous structure is retained invarying degrees depending on the grade of paper used and onthe processing conditions. Material up to about 3.2 mm inthickness is produced by bonding multiple layers of paper (orboard) after chemical t
20、reatment. Vulcanized fibre thicker than3.2 mm is typically produced by laminating multiple plies ofvulcanized fibre together. Vulcanized fibre does not containvulcanized rubber or sulfur as the name might imply. Thinvulcanized fibre has sometimes been termed “fish paper.” Formore detail on vulcanize
21、d fibre refer to Specification D710.3.2.3 lengthwise (LW), adjthe direction of the sheet whichis strongest in flexure.3.2.3.1 DiscussionThis is also known as the machinedirection. It is the lengthwise direction in which the paper isformed and travels on the paper machine, wire, or cylinder.Since mak
22、ing paper (which form the plies of vulcanized fibre)is a directional process, vulcanized fibres properties differsignificantly between machine direction and cross direction.For some materials, including the raw materials used for themanufacture of materials considered herein, this direction maybe de
23、signated as the warp direction.3.2.4 crosswise (CW), adjthe direction of the sheet whichis at 90 to the lengthwise direction, and which is normally theweakest direction in flexure.3.2.4.1 DiscussionFor some materials, including the rawmaterials used for manufacture of materials considered herein,thi
24、s direction may be designated as the cross-machine directionor the weft direction. It is also known as cross direction.3.2.5 edgewise loading, vmechanical force applied in theplane of the original sheet or plate.3.2.6 flatwise loading, vmechanical force applied normalto the surfaces of the original
25、sheet or plate.4. Conditioning4.1 Vulcanized fibre shall be conditioned for mechanicaltests in accordance with Practice D6054, using ProcedureAforconditioning material 0.045 in. (1.14 mm) and under inthickness, and Procedure B for conditioning material over0.045 in. in thickness. In case of dispute
26、in tests of materialsover 0.045 in. in thickness, the material shall be exposed for48 h at standard laboratory atmosphere prior to conditioning byProcedure B.4.2 Vulcanized fibre shall be conditioned for electrical testsin accordance with Practice D6054, using Procedure A. In caseof dispute, a refer
27、ee test shall be used in which the time ofexposure to standard laboratory atmosphere is increased to aminimum period of seven days for all thicknesses.4.2.1 The following are the typical reasons to undertakeconditioning of specimens: (1) for the purpose of bringing thematerial into equilibrium with
28、normal or average room condi-tions of 23C and 50% relative humidity, (2) to obtainreproducible results regardless of the previous history ofexposure, or (3) to subject the material to various conditions oftemperature or humidity in order to predict its service behavior.4.2.2 It is possible that the
29、conditioning of Procedure Bprescribed in Practice D6054 to obtain reproducible results willgive physical values somewhat higher or somewhat lower thanthe values at equilibrium under normal conditions, dependingupon the test. This procedure for conditioning is used becauseof the relatively short time
30、 required. To bring the material to anequilibrium condition in a controlled humidity would require along period of time which might extend over many months, forexample, for thicknesses over 25 mm. The exact length of timewould depend upon such factors as thickness, grade, andprevious history of the
31、specimens, and it would be too long forordinary commercial test purposes. It is probably possible toreduce the time of exposure for some very thin sizes of materialconditioned in accordance with ProcedureA, but sufficient dataon the various thicknesses are not yet available to permit adecision to be
32、 made.METHODS APPLICABLE TO SHEETS, TUBES, ANDRODS5. Water Absorption5.1 Significance and UseThis test method is a guide forthe proportion of water absorbed in vulcanized fibre sheets,tubes, and rods and to the effects thereof on certain electricaland mechanical properties. It also is useful in dete
33、rmining theuniformity of quality in these materials.5.2 ProcedureDetermine water absorption in accordancewith Test Method D570 on specimens dried in an oven for 1 hat 105 to 110C prior to immersion in water.6. Ash6.1 Significance and UseThis test method provides aprocedure for determining the amount
34、 of ash of a driedspecimen, something potentially useful in determining thecontinuity of quality.4Available from American National Standards Institute, 11 W. 42nd St., 13thFloor, New York, NY 10036.D619 1426.2 Test SpecimenThe test specimen shall consist of 2 to 5g of vulcanized fibre in the form of
35、 finely divided particles,such as millings or filings.6.3 ProcedureDry the test specimen for2hat105to110C and weigh. Then ignite the specimen to constant weightin a crucible and reweigh. Calculate the percentage of ash,based on the weight of the dried specimen.6.4 ReportReport the following informat
36、ion:6.4.1 Identification of the material, and6.4.2 The percentage by weight of ash.6.5 Precision and Bias:6.5.1 This test method has been used for many years, but noinformation has been presented to ASTM upon which to basea precision statement. No activity has been planned to developsuch information
37、.6.5.2 This test method has no bias because the value forpercentage of ash is determined solely in terms of this testmethod itself.7. Silica7.1 Significance and UseThis test method is useful indetermining the continuity of quality of vulcanized fibre sheets,tubes, and rods and in providing a means o
38、f evaluating changesin the leaching medium and the efficiency of the leachingprocess.7.2 Test SpecimenThe test specimen shall consist ofapproximately3gofvulcanized fibre in the form of finelydivided particles, such as millings or filings.7.3 ProcedureDry the test specimen for1hat105to110C. Transfer
39、the dried specimen to a crucible and slowlyignite it to constant weight. Wet the ash with distilled water andtransfer to a heat-resistant glass beaker. Add about 75 mL ofHCl (sp gr 1.19) and cover the beaker with a watchglass.Evaporate the contents of the beaker to dryness. To the residueslowly add
40、10 mL of HCl (sp gr 1.19) followed by 75 mL ofdistilled water. Filter the mixture through ashless filter paperand wash with cold water, then with warm water, until thefiltrate is free of chlorides. Ignite the filter paper to constantweight in a weighed platinum crucible. Then add 4 mL of HF(48 to 60
41、 %) and apply heat until all white fumes are driven off.Cool and weigh the crucible. The difference between thisweight and the previous one indicates silicon present as silica.The results shall be expressed as a percentage of the weight ofthe dried specimen. (WarningBoth hydrochloric acid (HCl)and h
42、ydrofluoric acid (HF) are corrosive and toxic. Take careto avoid spillage and contact with the skin. Evaporate solutionsof these acids in a well-ventilated fume hood.)7.4 ReportReport the following information:7.4.1 Identification of the material, and7.4.2 The percentage by weight of silica.7.5 Prec
43、ision and Bias:7.5.1 This test method has been used for many years, but noinformation has been presented to ASTM upon which to basea precision statement. No activity has been planned to developsuch information.7.5.2 This test method has no bias because the value forpercentage of silica is determined
44、 solely in terms of this testmethod itself.8. Volatile Matter8.1 Significance and UseThe presence of high levels ofvolatile matter has the potential to be detrimental to the use ofvulcanized fibre sheets, tubes, and rods in some electricalapplications. It is possible that data on volatile content wi
45、ll behelpful to determine the suitability for a particular applicationand to determine the continuity of quality.8.2 PurposeThis test method is intended for the rapiddetermination of the amount of moisture and other volatilematter in vulcanized fibre of all grades and thicknesses.8.3 Test SpecimensP
46、repare the test specimen which con-sists of the minimum number of pieces of fibre required to givea total weight of at least 1 g, as follows:8.3.1 SheetsFor sheets less than116 in. (1.59 mm) inthickness, the pieces for the test specimen shall be 75 by 25mm by the thickness of the sheet; for sheets11
47、6 in. and over inthickness, the pieces for the test specimen shall be 75 by 3 mmby the thickness of the sheet. The pieces shall be band-sawedor sheared from the sample so as to produce smooth edges freeof cracks. The sawed faces shall be sanded or filed to removeany protruding sections that might be
48、 broken off during thetest. The sample shall be sawed slowly so that the fibre is notheated appreciably. The thickness of the specimens shall bemeasured to the nearest 0.001 in. (0.025 mm) in the directionperpendicular to the natural faces of the original sample.8.3.2 TubesFor tubes less than116 in.
49、 (1.59 mm) in wallthickness, the pieces for the test specimen shall be 25-mmlengths. For tubes116 in. and over in wall thickness, the piecesfor the test specimen shall be 3-mm lengths slowly cut with aband saw.8.3.3 RodsFor rods less than316 in. (4.76 mm) indiameter, the pieces for the test specimen shall consist ofcontinuous lengths. For rods316 in. and over in diameter, thepieces for the test specimen shall be 3-mm lengths slowly cutwith a band saw.8.4 ProcedureTest three specimens, each consisting ofone or more pieces of fibre as required,
